UNASSIGNED: Previous literature suggests that patients with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) experience a high burden of ventricular arrhythmias. Despite this evidence, optimal strategies for arrhythmia prevention and treatment remain subject to debate.
UNASSIGNED: We report the case of a patient with hereditary ATTR cardiomyopathy who developed recurrent ventricular tachycardia prior to a decline in his left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Although he ultimately received an intracardiac device (ICD) for secondary prevention of ventricular tachycardia, his clinical course begets the question of whether more aggressive arrhythmia prevention upfront could have prevented his global functional decline.
UNASSIGNED: Given the advent of new disease-modifying therapies for ATTR, it is imperative to reconsider antiarrhythmic strategies in these patients. New decision tools are needed to decide what additional parameters (beyond LVEF ≤ 35%) may warrant ICD placement for primary prevention of ventricular arrhythmias in these patients.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, resulting in subcortical infarctions and leukoencephalopathy. It predominantly affects the brain\'s small blood arteries, resulting in repeated ischemic episodes including transient ischemic attacks and strokes leading to cognitive impairment and mental symptoms. We provide a case study of a 25-year-old patient suspected of having meningoencephalitis. CADASIL was diagnosed based on clinical examination, imaging investigations, and genetic analysis. Optimal patient care for this complicated illness requires early detection and proper management.

Acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a time-sensitive emergent diagnosis, requiring rapid diagnosis and consideration of thrombolytic administration. However, a myriad of cerebrovascular mimics creates a diagnostic challenge. A rare CVA mimic is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a rapidly progressive fatal dementia due to protein misfolding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurology consultation for electroencephalogram (EEG) and specialized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies are diagnostic while the patient is alive. All forms are fatal within months, and diagnosis can be confirmed on postmortem brain testing. While incredibly uncommon, emergency clinicians should consider this diagnosis in the proper patient to advocate for specialized CSF testing and potential palliative care consultation.

May-Thurner syndrome is a venous compression syndrome of the pelvic vessels that represents a relevant risk factor for thrombus formation. The standard procedure to secure a diagnosis is venography, followed by endovascular therapy as the preferred treatment choice if the patient is symptomatic. In our case series, there are three related patients with May-Thurner syndrome. A 16-year-old female was admitted with pulmonary embolism, dyspnoea and hip pain. The compression syndrome was diagnosed with interventional venography, and the patient received venous stent implantation. Due to her family history, we also suspected her mother to be affected by the syndrome and elucidated the diagnosis shortly afterwards by invasive venography. Subsequently, we examined the patient\'s 19-year-old brother, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed May-Thurner syndrome. A similar case series has not been published before. In this case, the family relation indicates a possible hereditary aspect of May-Thurner syndrome. This hypothesis should be the subject of further research. In conclusion, it is essential to assess family history thoroughly when treating patients with May-Thurner syndrome.

UNASSIGNED: Congenital methemoglobinemia is a rare hereditary disorder that leads to decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues. The severity of symptoms is directly proportional to the methemoglobin levels in the blood. Furthermore, this is the first case of congenital methemoglobinemia reported in the Nepalese population.
UNASSIGNED: We herein present a case of a 33-year-old male with congenital methemoglobinemia, the first reported case among the Nepalese population. His peripheral oxygen saturation level did not improve despite increasing the oxygen supplementation, and a saturation gap of more than 5% was present. The dark brown color of the blood was noted on the blood sample. On investigations, the methemoglobin level was 9%.
UNASSIGNED: Congenital methemoglobinemia can occur due to a deficiency of an enzyme known as cytochrome b5 reductase, which primarily converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin. There are two types of congenital methemoglobinemia, type I and type II which can be distinguished clinically by the presence of neurological impairment and mental retardation, which can be seen in type II congenital methemoglobinemia.
UNASSIGNED: Congenital methemoglobinemia is a rare syndrome and has not been previously reported in the Nepalese population. Although there are various diagnostic clues including relevant medical history, saturation gap of more than 5%, dark brown coloration of blood, and investigations such as methemoglobin level, healthcare services like cytochrome b5 reductase enzymatic activity and molecular genetic testing regarding congenital methemoglobinemia is recommended.

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) mutation is the most common gene mutation implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We describe, for the first time, an excellent clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in a patient with heritable PAH from BMPR2 mutation.

Rickets is a childhood disorder of vitamin D deficiency that is characterized by growth retardation and impairment in skeletal mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency is usually due to decreased dietary vitamin D intake, decreased sunlight exposure, or genetic defects. A recurrent gain-of-function missense mutation (p.I301T) in the gene encoding CYP3A4 has been identified as a cause of excessive inactivation of vitamin D metabolites that causes vitamin D-dependent rickets type 3 (VDDR3). We hereby report a case of a six-year-old girl with poor growth and bone deformities, such as genu valgum. In addition, the patient has a strong family history of short stature and bone deformities. She continues to receive multidisciplinary care, and the finding of a heterozygous missense variant in CYP3A4: c.902 T > C; p.Ile301Thr in the CYP3A4 gene confirms the diagnosis of VDDR3. To our knowledge, this is the first case to be reported in Saudi Arabia and the fourth case in the literature. Our findings highlight the importance of vitamin D in those with high activity in CYP3A4 to maintain vitamin D hemostasis, and we need to reach optimal doses to help them maintain their biochemical and radiological finding within the normal range.

Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR-amyloidosis) is a systemic disorder associated with extracellular deposition in the tissues and organs of amyloid fibrils, transthyretin-containing insoluble protein-polysaccharide complexes. The change in transthyretin conformation, leading to its destabilization and amyloidogenicity, can be acquired (wild type, ATTRwt) and hereditary due to mutations in the TTR gene (variant, ATTRv) [1, 2]. Hereditary ATTR-amyloidosis has an earlier onset and greater phenotypic diversity. The age of the manifestation, the predominant phenotype, and the prognosis are often determined by the genetic variant. To date, more than 140 variants in the TTR gene have been identified; however, most of them are described in single patients and do not have clear evidence of pathogenicity. The prospects of a new pathogenetic treatment of ATTR-amyloidosis [3], especially effective in the early stages of the disease, increases the relevance of timely diagnosis, which is challenging due to physicians\' lack of awareness. This article presents a clinical case of ATTRv-amyloidosis associated with a rare pathogenic variant in the TTR gene and a newly described skin symptom. This article is a literature review.
Транстиретиновый амилоидоз (ATTR-амилоидоз) – системное заболевание, связанное с внеклеточным отложением в тканях и органах амилоидных фибрилл – нерастворимых белково-полисахаридных комплексов, содержащих белок транстиретин. Изменение конформации транстиретина, приводящее к его дестабилизации и амилоидогенности, может быть приобретенным (wild type, ATTRwt) и наследственным по причине мутаций в гене TTR (variant, ATTRv) [1, 2]. Наследственный ATTR-амилоидоз имеет более ранний дебют и большее фенотипическое разнообразие. Возраст манифестации, преимущественный фенотип и прогноз зачастую определяются генетическим вариантом. На сегодняшний день выявлено более 140 вариантов в гене TTR, но большинство из них описаны у единичных больных и не имеют четких доказательств патогенности. Возможности нового патогенетического лечения ATTR-амилоидоза [3], особенно эффективного на ранних стадиях болезни, повышает актуальность своевременной диагностики заболевания, которая затруднена в большей степени из-за недостаточной осведомленности врачей. В данной статье представлен клинический случай ATTRv-амилоидоза, связанного с редким патогенным вариантом в гене TTR и впервые описанным кожным симптомом. Приводится обзор литературы.

UNASSIGNED: De Novo transplant amyloidosis denotes the condition when a patient develops amyloidosis after transplantation but had not been diagnosed with the disease prior to transplantation. The incidence of de novo amyloidosis in kidney transplants is rare, but few published case reports have described the occurrence of de novo Amyloid A protein (AA) and Light Chain (AL) amyloidosis. However, de novo hereditary fibrinogen A alpha chain (AFib) has not been previously reported.
UNASSIGNED: We present a 72-year-old man, a kidney transplant recipient, who developed progressive rise in his creatinine about 3 years after transplantation. He has long-standing diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, and hypertension, so he did not have a kidney biopsy of his native kidneys prior to transplantation.
UNASSIGNED: A kidney transplant biopsy was done that showed amyloidosis. Mass spectrophotometry confirmed it as AFib amyloidosis. Genetic testing of the patient revealed that he has fibrinogen A alpha gene (FGA) point mutation with a p.E545V variant.
UNASSIGNED: Cardiac evaluation showed normal transthoracic echocardiogram. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no involvement by amyloidosis. A peripheral nerve biopsy showed diabetic neuropathy. Thus, the kidney was the only organ involved by the disease. The kidney transplant was managed conservatively with blood pressure and diabetes control in addition to his usual immunosuppression regimen which was not altered. He is being treated with diuretics, angiotensin receptor inhibitors, and sodium glucose transport 2 inhibitors.
UNASSIGNED: Kidney transplant function exhibited only slow progression over 18 months since the diagnosis was confirmed. This slow progression is likely because the p.E545V point mutation variant is less aggressive than other gene deletion mutations and because our patient was judged to have been diagnosed early in the course of his disease.
UNASSIGNED: In this case report, we illustrate the findings and testing that confirmed the diagnosis of AFib amyloidosis. We summarize the clinical aspects, outcomes of the disease, and treatment options. We believe this case report is interesting because it is the first reported case of AFib amyloidosis in a kidney transplant recipient who was not known to have the disease prior to kidney transplantation.
UNASSIGNED: L’amyloïdose de novo de la transplantation désigne l’état d’un patient qui développe une amylose après une transplantation alors que la maladie n’avait pas été diagnostiquée avant l’intervention. L’incidence de l’amyloïdose de novo est rare en contexte de transplantation rénale, bien que la survenue d’amyloses AA et al de novo ait été décrite dans quelques rapports de cas publiés. L’amyloïdose de novo héréditaire de la chaîne alpha du fibrinogène A (FibA) n’a cependant jamais été rapportée.
UNASSIGNED: Nous présentons le cas d’un homme de 72 ans, receveur d’une greffe rénale, dont le taux de créatinine a augmenté progressivement environ trois ans après la transplantation. Le patient souffrait depuis longtemps de diabète de type 2, d’obésité et d’hypertension, de sorte qu’il n’avait pas subi de biopsie de ses reins d’origine avant la transplantation.
UNASSIGNED: Une biopsie du greffon rénal a montré une amyloïdose, laquelle a ultérieurement été typée par spectrophotométrie de masse comme étant une amyloïdose FibA. Des tests génétiques ont révélé que le patient présentait une mutation ponctuelle du gène alpha du fibrinogène (FGA) avec le variant p.E545V.
UNASSIGNED: L’échocardiogramme transthoracique du bilan cardiaque était normal. L’IRM cardiaque n’a montré aucune implication par amyloïdose, et une biopsie des nerfs périphériques a révélé une neuropathie diabétique. Ainsi, le rein était le seul organe touché par la maladie. La greffe rénale a été gérée de manière conservatrice, soit par le contrôle de la pression artérielle et du diabète en plus du schéma habituel d’immunosuppression, lequel n’a pas été modifié. Le patient est traité avec des diurétiques, des inhibiteurs des récepteurs de l’angiotensine et des inhibiteurs du cotransport sodium-glucose de type 2.
UNASSIGNED: La fonction du greffon n’a montré qu’une lente progression sur 18 mois depuis la confirmation du diagnostic. Cette lente progression est probablement due au fait que la mutation ponctuelle p.E545V est moins agressive que d’autres mutations de délétion du gène, et parce que notre patient a été jugé comme ayant reçu son diagnostic tôt dans l’évolution de sa maladie.
UNASSIGNED: Dans ce rapport de cas, nous mettons en évidence les résultats et tests qui ont confirmé le diagnostic d’amyloïdose FibA. Nous résumons les aspects cliniques, le pronostic de la maladie et les options de traitement. Ce rapport de cas est intéressant, car il s’agit du premier cas rapporté d’amyloïdose FibA chez un receveur d’une greffe rénale sans diagnostic connu de la maladie avant la transplantation.

Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma is a rare heterogenous group of genodermatoses characterised by hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. Genetic alterations affecting proteins of the keratin cytoskeleton, cornified cell envelope, desmosomes and gap junction proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inherited palmoplantar keratoderma. Reports of palmoplantar keratoderma in the African population are scarce. Herein, we report a case of a 29-year-old HIV-infected African female, who presented to a tertiary hospital with complaints of a painful left fourth toe, secondary to a constriction band. Her background history is significant for prior constriction bands involving her toes, some of which progressed to auto-amputations and childhood-onset thickening of the palmoplantar skin. Examination revealed diffuse transgrediens palmoplantar keratoderma with associated clinical findings of pseudo-ainhum and knuckle pads. A systemic workup was non-contributory. Next-generation sequencing genetic testing detected two variants of undetermined significance in gap junction protein beta 4, a connexin-encoding gene, and in the rhomboid 5 homolog 2 gene. Her phenotype remains discordant with our genetic findings. Her clinical features are instead consistent with overlapping phenotypes of gap junction protein beta 2-related connexin disorders: Vohwinkel syndrome and Bart-Pumphrey syndrome. Our case underlines the genetic heterogeneity of palmoplantar keratoderma and the diagnostic challenges it presents. Our patient required surgical amputation of the affected toe and is receiving ongoing dermatological management. Early recognition, appropriate referral and management are required to avert the debilitating consequences of mutilating keratoderma and improve the quality of life.