BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is potentially curative for severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Graft failure (GF) remains a life-threatening complication after HSCT. Preexisting anti-HLA antibodies, especially HLA-specific antibodies (DSA), have been demonstrated as a risk of GF.
METHODS: This report describes a woman with acquired SAA who presented with anti-HLA antibodies and GF. After the treatment of anti-HLA antibodies, engraftment was achieved through a second alternative donor HSCT. This work complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Declaration of Istanbul.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on our experience in treating this case, we hold that the presence of preoperative anti-HLA antibodies could discount the efficacy of HSCT and anti-HLA antibody screening should be performed before HSCT. Additionally, a second HSCT is feasible to prolong survival.

Mitochondria are controlled by the coordination of two genomes: the mitochondrial and the nuclear DNA. As such, variations in nuclear gene expression as a consequence of mutations and epigenetic modifications can affect mitochondrial functionality. Conversely, the opposite could also be true. However, the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetics, such as nuclear DNA methylation, remains largely unexplored. Mitochondria function as central metabolic hubs controlling some of the main substrates involved in nuclear DNA methylation, via the one carbon metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the methionine pathway. Here, we review key findings and highlight new areas of focus, with the ultimate goal of getting one step closer to understanding the genomic effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on nuclear epigenetic landscapes.

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Hymenopteran insects are a unique group of animals in which arrhenotokous reproduction (haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs) is a rule. Males produce sperm through a non-reductional maturation division. A sawfly species, Athalia rosae ruficornis Jakovlev Tenthredinidae, Symphyta, Hymenoptera) has introduced as a new experimental material for studies on genetics and developmental biology. Basic features relating to the potential usefulness of the species in elucidating some to the important genetic and developmental biological problems are described.

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The nature of the differences between mortal somatic cells and immortal germ cell lines constitutes a major area of theoretical gerontology which has not yet received adequate attention. Weismann\'s theory, first stated almost exactly a century ago, was recently reconsidered by Kirkwood and Holliday. They applied modern concepts and findings on the factors regulating the accuracy of synthesis of macromolecules to explain germ line immortality. In the present paper, evidence on ageing of reproductive cells and the relationship of cytomorphogenetic events to periodic rejuvenation of germ cell lines is summarized and evaluated. Key events include the elimination or reversal of some DNA changes in germ cells through recombination and meiotic haploidization, cyclic regeneration of transcriptional and translational systems during gametogenesis and early development, and the selection of stable, viable genomes at various stages of the reproductive cycle. These rejuvenatory processes are compared and related to molecular events which differentiated somatic cells are unable to carry out.

Seven new cases are described of near haploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the findings reviewed together with updated complete remission duration and survival data for the 21 cases already published. The patients were four males and three females, with an age range 2-19 years; all had an immunophenotype consistent with common ALL. The poor prognostic outlook for patients with near haploid ALL is confirmed by the median remission duration of 14 months for these patients, which is comparable to that for the previously published cases. The pattern of chromosome loss was marked particularly by the presence of two copies of chromosomes 10, 14, 18, 21 and both sex chromosomes. Populations of hyperdiploid cells with double the near haploid number were observed in six of the patients, one of whom demonstrated further clonal evolution, and it is proposed that some cases classified as hyperdiploid ALL with greater than 50 chromosomes may also have arisen from a near haploid stem line.