阳离子交换膜(CEM)在向更可持续/绿色社会的过渡中起着重要作用。它们是水电解等应用的重要组成部分,人工光合作用,电渗析和燃料电池。他们的合成,然而,远非可持续发展,影响安全,健康和环境。这篇综述讨论并评估了合成更可持续和绿色的CEM的可能性。首先,讨论了绿色和可持续化学的概念。随后,这篇综述讨论了常规全氟化CEM的制造以及它们如何违反绿色/可持续性原则,最终导致环境和健康事件。此外,绿色CEMs的合成分为三个部分:磺化,材料选择和溶剂选择。使用气态SO3或气液界面等离子体技术的创新可以使磺化过程更具可持续性。关于聚合物的选择,壳聚糖,纤维素,聚乳酸,海藻酸盐,角叉菜胶和纤维素是化石燃料基聚合物的有希望的替代品。最后,水是最可持续的溶剂,许多生物聚合物可溶于其中。对于其他聚合物,使用绿色溶剂的研究数量有限。在其他膜中发现有希望的溶剂,如二甲基亚砜,Cyrene™,Rhodiasolv®PolarClean,TamiSolveNxG和γ-戊内酯。
Cation exchange membranes (CEMs) play a significant role in the transition to a more sustainable/green society. They are important components for applications such as water electrolysis, artificial photosynthesis, electrodialysis and fuel cells. Their synthesis, however, is far from being sustainable, affecting safety, health and the environment. This
review discusses and evaluates the possibilities of synthesizing CEMs that are more sustainable and green. First, the concepts of green and sustainable chemistry are discussed. Subsequently, this
review discusses the fabrication of conventional perfluorinated CEMs and how they violate the green/sustainability principles, eventually leading to environmental and health incidents. Furthermore, the synthesis of green CEMs is presented by dividing the synthesis into three parts: sulfonation, material selection and solvent selection. Innovations in using gaseous SO3 or gas-liquid interfacial plasma technology can make the sulfonation process more sustainable. Regarding the selection of polymers, chitosan, cellulose, polylactic acid, alginate, carrageenan and cellulose are promising alternatives to fossil fuel-based polymers. Finally, water is the most sustainable solvent and many biopolymers are soluble in it. For other polymers, there are a limited number of studies using green solvents. Promising solvents are found back in other membrane, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, Cyrene™, Rhodiasolv® PolarClean, TamiSolve NxG and γ-valerolactone.