Chest wall reconstruction poses significant challenges. One of those challenges is choosing the correct material for reconstruction. There is debate on using prosthetic materials versus autologous tissues and rigid versus nonrigid materials. This article showcases the novel use of fascia lata for chest wall reconstruction in children.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs) are rare, malignant tumours arising from primitive nerve cells. PNET of the chest wall is rare and is observed in children and young adults. Askin defined Askin\'s tumour as a PNET of the thoracopulmonary area. It develops from the soft tissues of the chest wall, particularly in the paravertebral region. Here, we report a case of Askin\'s tumour, a rare neoplasm occurring in the thoracopulmonary region in a 13-year-old girl. She came with complaints of fever, cold, cough with mucoid expectoration, breathlessness for 15 days, and generalized weakness for three months. A high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) thorax scan was also done, which suggested a large right pleural-based mass with vertebral metastasis. Through diligent diagnostic evaluation involving imaging studies and histopathological examination, the tumour was accurately identified.

BACKGROUND: Ewing\'s sarcoma is a primary bone tumor predominantly observed in children and adolescents, necessitating a multidisciplinary treatment approach. While localized cases have a 5-year survival rate of 60-70%, the prognosis is significantly worse in pelvic advanced cases with metastasis. Moreover, pelvic Ewing\'s sarcoma has the unique problem of leading to high rates of postoperative infection.
METHODS: We present the case of a Japanese 14-year-old boy with left iliac Ewing\'s sarcoma and multiple metastases. At the initial visit, imaging revealed a large tumor in the left iliac bone with extraosseous extension and metastasis to multiple sites. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in significant tumor reduction. Surgical resection was performed without pelvic ring reconstruction to enable early postoperative chemotherapy and minimize postoperative infection risk. Despite complete abductor muscle removal, the patient achieved a stable gait postoperatively by centering the load axis.
CONCLUSIONS: Our case highlights the successful management of a left iliac Ewing\'s sarcoma with multiple metastases, with a focus on functional preservation and infection risk reduction. Pelvic ring reconstruction was not performed to avoid postoperative complications, emphasizing the importance of early postoperative chemotherapy. The patient achieved a stable gait postoperatively, demonstrating the potential benefits of this approach in similar cases.

UNASSIGNED: Cuproptosis is copper-induced cell death. Copper metabolism related genes (CMRGs) were demonstrated that used to assess the prognosis out of tumors. In the study, CMRGs were tested for their effect on TME cell infiltration in Ewing\'s sarcoma (ES).
UNASSIGNED: The GEO and ICGC databases provided the mRNA expression profiles and clinical features for downloading. In the GSE17674 dataset, 22prognostic-related copper metabolism related genes (PR-CMRGs) was identified by using univariate regression analysis. Subsequently, in order to compare the survival rates of groups with high and low expression of these PR-CMRGs,Kaplan-Meier analysis was implemented. Additionally, correlations among them were examined. The study employed functional enrichment analysis to investigate probable underlying pathways, while GSVA was applied to evaluate enriched pathways in the ES (Expression Set). Through an unsupervised clustering algorithm, samples were classified into two clusters, revealing significant differences in survival rates and levels of immune infiltration.
UNASSIGNED: Using Lasso and step regression methods, five genes (TFRC, SORD, SLC11A2, FKBP4, and AANAT) were selected as risk signatures. According to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the high-risk group had considerably lower survival rates than the low-risk group(p=6.013e-09). The area under the curve (AUC) values for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 0.876, 0.883, and 0.979 for 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The risk model was further validated in additional datasets, namely GSE63155, GSE63156, and the ICGC datasets. To aid in outcome prediction, a nomogram was developed that incorporated risk levels and clinical features. This nomogram\'s performance was effectively validated through calibration curves.Additionally, the study evaluated the variations in immune infiltration across different risk groups, as well as high-expression and low-expression groups. Importantly, several drugs were identified that displayed sensitivity, offering potential therapeutic options for ES.
UNASSIGNED: The findings above strongly indicate that CMRGs play crucial roles in predicting prognosis and immune status in ES.

Ewing\'s sarcoma (EWS) is a highly aggressive malignant bone tumor primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. Despite the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy in some cases, the cure rate for patients with metastatic and recurrent disease remains low. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches to address the challenges associated with EWS treatment. Epigenetic regulation, a crucial factor in physiological processes, plays a significant role in controlling cell proliferation, maintaining gene integrity, and regulating transcription. Recent studies highlight the importance of abnormal epigenetic regulation in the initiation and progression of EWS. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate interactions between EWS and aberrant epigenetic regulation is essential for advancing clinical drug development. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both epigenetic targets implicated in EWS, integrating various therapeutic modalities to offer innovative perspectives for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of EWS.

OBJECTIVE: Cold physical plasma (CPP) has emerged as an effective therapy in oncology by inducing cytotoxic effects in various cancer cells, including chondrosarcoma (CS), Ewing\'s sarcoma (ES), and osteosarcoma (OS). The current study investigated the impact of CPP on cell motility in CS (CAL-78), ES (A673), and OS (U2-OS) cell lines, focusing on the actin cytoskeleton.
METHODS: The CASY Cell Counter and Analyzer was used to study cell proliferation and determine the optimal concentrations of fetal calf serum to maintain viability without stimulation of cell proliferation. CellTiter-BlueCell viability assay was used to determine the effects of CPP on the viability of bone sarcoma cells. The Radius assay was used to determine cell migration. Staining for Deoxyribonuclease I, G-actin, and F-actin was used to assay for the effects on the cytoskeleton.
RESULTS: Reductions in cell viability and motility were observed across all cell lines following CPP treatment. CPP induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton, leading to decreased cell motility.
CONCLUSIONS: CPP effectively reduces the motility of bone sarcoma cells by altering the actin cytoskeleton. These findings underscore CPP\'s potential as a therapeutic tool for bone sarcomas and highlight the need for further research in this area.

Ewing sarcoma is one of the small round blue cell tumors of childhood that typically affects bone. Recently, a subgroup of undifferentiated round-cell sarcomas has been genetically identified as BCOR (B-cell Line 6 Corepressor)-altered sarcomas (BAS). We present a case of a six-year-old male child who presented with a chief complaint of shortness of breath and tachypnea and was found to have a large mediastinal mass concerning sarcoma. Preliminary biopsy results were positive for small round blue cells, possibly Ewing sarcoma. After six cycles of chemotherapy, with subsequent shrinkage of mediastinal mass, the patient was able to undergo wedge resection and excision of the mass with en bloc resection of the fifth and sixth rib, preserving his right lung. Final tissue pathology was positive for BAS. There have been only four reported cases of BAS of the chest wall and zero reported cases of primary tumor presentation of the lung, making this a rare presentation of the disease.

UNASSIGNED: One of the most challenging diagnostic categories in the sinonasal tract includes small-blue-round-cell tumors. These are malignant tumors which show many overlapping histomorphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings. Limited, small biopsy of these not completely excisable tumors adds to the diagnostic confusion.
UNASSIGNED: A cross-sectional study was done for 2 years (January 2018-December 2020) in a tertiary care institute, which included 70 cases of tumors of which 49 cases were malignant. All paraffin-embedded blocks were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin stain and IHC followed by molecular study wherever needed.
UNASSIGNED: Of the total cases, small-blue-round-cell tumor constituted the major category comprising 20 rare and interesting cases which included sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (4 cases), malignant lymphoma (2 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 2 cases of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma), rhabdomyosarcoma (2 cases), olfactory neuroblastoma (2 cases), malignant melanoma (2 cases), plasmacytoma (2 cases), atypical Ewing\'s sarcoma (EWS) (1 case), EWS (1 case), nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma (1 case), and small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (1 case).
UNASSIGNED: Tumors of the sinonasal tract are very diverse, more so in small-round-cell tumor which present with a undifferentiated morphology. Thus, accurate diagnosis needs clinicoradiological parameters and special ancillary techniques such as IHC and molecular study in addition to histopathology for early diagnosis and therapy to prevent significant morbidity and mortality caused in these tumors.

UNASSIGNED: The study aims to categorize malignant small round cell tumors (MSRCTs) originating in various sites of the body with the objective of utilization of cytomorphological features and ancillary techniques.
UNASSIGNED: It is a cross-sectional study conducted over a time span of 3 years (2017-2020). 33 cases of tumors with round cell morphology were evaluated by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).
UNASSIGNED: The application of cell block preparation supported by immunohistochemistry aided in the categorization of 23 cases with definite diagnosis and the rest were reported as MSRCTs.
UNASSIGNED: Among the categorized 23/33 cases, the most common diagnosis was Ewing\'s sarcoma (7/23) followed by 6 cases of lymphoma. There were 2 cases each of rhabdomyosarcoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and 1 case each of neuroblastoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), myeloid sarcoma, neuroendocrine tumor of pancreas, plasmacytoma, and small cell carcinoma. Histopathology confirmation was available in 24/33 cases. Among the categorized tumors (23/33), biopsy correlation was available in 19 cases, of which concordant result was seen in 17 cases (89.47%), which were 6 cases of lymphoma, 5 cases of Ewing\'s sarcoma (EWS), 2 of rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 each of neuroblastoma, small cell carcinoma, DSRCT, and LCH. Discordant result was seen in one case of rhabdomyosarcoma and a case of synovial sarcoma reported as extraskeletal EWS in cytology. Out of the uncategorized cases reported as MSRTCs, histopathology was available in 5 cases which were diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma (1 cases), lymphoma (1 case), amelanotic melanoma (1 case), and extraskeletal EWS (2 cases).
UNASSIGNED: Categorization of MSRCTs should be done to implement appropriate therapeutic protocol. FNAC provides a rapid diagnosis contributing immensely for the timely management of the patient. Detailed cytomorphological evaluation serves as a guide for further evaluation by ancillary techniques leading to definitive diagnosis.

Data on gonadotoxicity of chemotherapies are essential to better counsel young females and males about the risk of infertility and to better indicate fertility preservation measures before cancer therapies. However, such data have not recently been reviewed for bone cancer. Therefore, a systematic literature search was conducted considering papers published since 2000. This study is part of the FertiTOX® project, which aims to improve the lack of data regarding gonadotoxicity of cancer therapies to enable more accurate counseling regarding fertility preservation. Only relapse-free women and men were included. Gonadotoxic therapy-induced suspected infertility was defined as very low anti-mullerian hormone, high gonadotropin concentration, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, azoospermia, or oligozoospermia. The quality of the individual studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). In total, 11 out of 831 studies were included in the review. Suspected infertility was found in 10/190 (5.1%, range 0%-66%) of female patients with osteosarcoma (six studies), in 24/46 (52.2%, range 46%-100%) of male patients with osteosarcoma (three studies), in 18/138 (13.0%, range 3%-18%) of female patients with Ewing\'s sarcoma (three studies), and in 34/38 (89.5%) of male patients with Ewing\'s sarcoma (one study). A risk calculation in relation to specific chemotherapies was not possible. Risk of suspected infertility tends to be higher in Ewing\'s sarcoma in which all patients received chemotherapies with alkylating agents. Two of the 11 included studies received a high NOS quality score, whereas the remaining nine studies received a low quality score, mainly because of the lack of a comparator group. Published data are too limited for precise estimation of the gonadotoxicity. However, data indicate clinically relevant risk for infertility, supporting counseling patients before chemotherapy about fertility preservation measures.