The Chinese government claimed to reach carbon dioxide emissions peaking by 2030 and achieve carbon neutralization by 2060. In this context, it\'s meaningful and urgent to estimate GHG emissions amount in every sectors. The growing concern about reducing GHG emissions has been shared by many water companies. This work aims to identify and estimate GHG emissions from the activities of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). According to the GHG protocol, the GHG emission inventory of DWTPs covers the sources of fossil fuel combustion, reservoir emissions, electricity and heat supply, use of chemicals and additives, disposal of waste, transportation, operation and maintenance. The tool was tested by nine DWTPs, which had an average GHG emission intensity of 0.225 kg CO2-eq/m3. The GHG emission intensities range from 0.167 kg CO2-eq/m3 to 0.272 kg CO2-eq/m3. The main source of GHG emissions is electricity supply, followed by the use of chemicals and additives. According to the average emission intensity, the estimated total amount of GHG emissions from DWTPs in China is about 1.82 × 107 t/a, corresponding to 0.15 % of the total GHG emission in China. The proposed GHG sources and emissions help decision-makers and DWTPs companies estimate GHG emissions more accurately and undertake GHG reduction measures.

This study investigates the impact of transportation vehicles on air pollution emissions in Istanbul, a metropolitan city in Türkiye. The TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) Model has been used to determine the current level of air pollutants coming from the transportation sector, make future estimates, and assess the impact of various scenarios on air pollution emissions. Air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, and non-methane volatile organic compounds are included in the model. The amount of air pollution emissions discussed in this research were 74, 68, 13, 5, and 2 kt for NOx, CO, VOC, SO2, and PM, respectively, in the base year of 2016. In 2055, these emissions have shifted to 190, 98, 26, 8, and 5 kt, respectively. This means that emissions are predicted to increase between 1.4 and 2.6 times. According to model results, individual measures could decrease potential air pollution emissions for 2055 by up to 13 %. When all of the actions done within the pollutants of the study are combined, the total amount of emissions has decreased by 30.2 %, 24.3 %, 18.8 %, 5.3 % and 21.4 % for NOx, CO, VOC, SO2, and PM, respectively. This research emphasizes how critical it is to address metropolitan areas\' transportation-related air pollution. The number of such studies dealing with air pollution parameters using the TIMES Model is very few, and it is expected that this study will create important outputs for similar studies.

The first study related to the characteristics of the riverine litter was carried out at the mouth of the Cimandiri River in the southern West Java to provide a national database, as mandated in the Indonesian Presidential Regulation 83/2018 concerning the handling of marine debris. We examined floating riverine litter entering the South Java Sea at Cimandiri River outlets four times between December 2020 and October 2021 using a Thomsea 1 T trawl-net. The amount of litter collected tended to rise throughout the sampling period. Daily floating riverine litter released into the South Java Sea was estimated to be 285,931 ± 133.70 items or 307 ± 192.69 kg. Our monitoring data revealed no sampling period differences in litter release into the South Java Sea with no correlation with rainfall. Our data indicate that plastics are the most single abundant type of floating riverine litter entering the South Java Sea from the Cimandiri River, accounting for 99.92% of abundance (285,701 ± 133,464.75 items per day) or 97.78% in terms of weight (300 ± 181.99 kg per day) of the total litter collected. As the Cimandiri River is one of the major rivers with an outlet in the south of Java, this land-derived litter information could be an archetype for riverine ecosystems in the nation and region.

Background: Photocatalytic air purifiers based on nano-titanium dioxide (TiO 2) visible light activation provide an efficient solution for removing and degrading contaminants in air. The potential detachment of TiO 2 particles from the air purifier to indoor air could cause a safety concern. A TiO 2 release potential was measured for one commercially available photocatalytic air purifier \"Gearbox Wivactive\" to ensure a successful implementation of the photocatalytic air purifying technology. Methods: In this study, the TiO 2 release was studied under laboratory-simulated conditions from a  Gearbox Wivactive consisting of ceramic honeycombs coated with photocatalytic nitrogen doped TiO 2 particles. The TiO 2 particle release factor was measured in scalable units according to the photoactive surface area and volume flow (TiO 2-ng/m 2×m 3). The impact of  Gearbox Wivactive on indoor concentration level under reasonable worst-case conditions was predicted by using the release factor and a well-mixed indoor aerosol model. Results: The instrumentation and experimental setup was not sufficiently sensitive to quantify the emissions from the photoactive surfaces. The upper limit for TiO 2 mass release was <185×10 -3 TiO 2-ng/m 2×m 3. Under realistic conditions the TiO 2 concentration level in a 20 m 3 room ventilated at rate of 0.5 1/h and containing two Gearbox Wivactive units resulted <20×10 -3 TiO 2-ng/m 3. Conclusions: The release potential was quantified for a photocatalytic surface in generalized units that can be used to calculate the emission potential for different photocatalytic surfaces used in various operational conditions. This study shows that the TiO 2 nanoparticle release potential was low in this case and the release does not cause relevant exposure as compared to proposed occupational exposure limit values for nanosized TiO 2. The TiO 2 release risk was adequately controlled under reasonable worst-case operational conditions.

Crop residue open burning is considered to be one of the main sources of pollutant emissions from rural areas. It is necessary to accurately establish an emissions inventory of specific crops which could reflect the specific spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of crop residue burning emissions. However, the information for emission estimation of specific crop in each province and year is seriously data-deficient, resulting in a large uncertainty in the emissions inventory. In this study, taking the open burning of wheat residue as an example, we propose a framework for estimating pollutant emissions for specific crop residue by combining phenological information, land use data, field investigation/statistical data, and fire detection information. The wheat residue open burning proportion (OBP) and the corresponding pollutant emissions were estimated for each province in mainland China from 2003 to 2019. The national average OBP and emissions of wheat crop residue open burning first increased and then decreased during this period, with the peak in 2012. The gridded spatial distribution showed that high-emission areas were mainly concentrated in central-eastern China, and the emission areas gradually shifted from south to north from April to September. The change of daily emissions from large-scale concentrated emissions to small-scale emissions demonstrated that straw open burning prohibition policies were effective in reducing the annual emissions and peak daily emissions. This study provides a promising method for the combination of data from multiple sources to estimate open burning of crop residues. The method can be used to obtain accurate and detailed emissions data to support research into biomass burning and the development of targeted mitigation strategies.

Spray coatings\' emissions impact to the environmental and occupational exposure were studied in a pilot-plant. Concentrations were measured inside the spray chamber and at the work room in Near-Field (NF) and Far-Field (FF) and mass flows were analyzed using a mechanistic model. The coating was performed in a ventilated chamber by spraying titanium dioxide doped with nitrogen (TiO2N) and silver capped by hydroxyethylcellulose (Ag-HEC) nanoparticles (NPs). Process emission rates to workplace, air, and outdoor air were characterized according to process parameters, which were used to assess emission factors. Full-scale production exposure potential was estimated under reasonable worst-case (RWC) conditions. The measured TiO2-N and Ag-HEC concentrations were 40.9 TiO2-μg/m3 and 0.4 Ag-μg/m3 at NF (total fraction). Under simulated RWC conditions with precautionary emission rate estimates, the worker\'s 95th percentile 8-h exposure was ≤171 TiO2 and ≤1.9 Ag-μg/m3 (total fraction). Environmental emissions via local ventilation (LEV) exhaust were ca. 35 and 140 mg-NP/g-NP, for TiO2-N and Ag-HEC, respectively. Under current situation, the exposure was adequately controlled. However, under full scale production with continuous process workers exposure should be evaluated with personal sampling if recommended occupational exposure levels for nanosized TiO2 and Ag are followed for risk management.

Proper information regarding the performance of waste management systems from an environmental perspective is significant to sustainable waste management decisions and planning toward the selection of the least impactful treatment options. However, little is known about the environmental impacts of the different waste management options in South Africa. This study is therefore aimed at using the life cycle assessment tool to assess the environmental impact of the current, emerging, and alternative waste management systems in South Africa, using the city of Johannesburg as a case study. This assessment involves a comparative analysis of the unit processes of waste management and the different waste management scenarios comprising two or more unit processes from an environmental view. The lifecycle boundary consists of unit processes: waste collection and transportation (WC&T), material recycling facilities (MRF), composting, incineration, and landfilling. Four scenarios developed for the assessment are S1 (WC&T, MRF, and landfilling without energy recovery), S2 (WC&T, MRF, composting, and landfilling with energy recovery), S3 (WC&T and incineration), and S4 (WC&T, MRF, composting, and incineration). Based on the result of this study, MRF is the most environmentally beneficial unit operation while landfill without energy recovery is the most impactful unit operation. The result further revealed that no scenario had the best performance across all the impact categories. However, S3 can be considered as the most environmentally friendly option owing to its lowest impact in most of the impact categories. S3 has the lowest global warming potential (GWP) of 33.19 × 106 kgCO2eq, ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.563 kgCFC-11e, and photochemical ozone depletion potential (PODP) of 679.46 kgC2H2eq. Also, S4 can be regarded as the most impactful option owing to its highest contributions to PODP of 1044 kgC2H2eq, acidification potential (AP) of 892073.8 kgSO2eq, and eutrophication potential (EP) of 51292.98 MaxPO4-3eq. The result of this study will be found helpful in creating a complete impression of the environmental performance of waste management systems in Johannesburg, South Africa which will aid sustainable planning and decisions by the concerned sector.

The agriculture and manufacturing sectors are the backbones of the Indonesian economy; for this reason, research on the effects of these sectors on carbon emissions is an important subject. This work adds urbanization to enrich research on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the EKC hypothesis was confirmed in Indonesia with a turning point of 2057.89 USD/capita. The research results show that all variables affect the escalation of greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between emissions with economic growth, emissions with agricultural sector, emissions with manufacturing sector, economic growth with agricultural sector, and economic growth with manufacturing. The unidirectional causality is found in emissions by urbanization and economic growth by urbanization. To reduce the impact of environmental damage caused by the activities of agriculture, manufacturing, and urbanization sectors, it is recommended that the government conduct water-efficient rice cultivation and increase the use of renewable energy.

Reported estimates of CH4 emissions from ruminants and manure management are up to 2 times higher in atmospheric top-down calculations than in bottom-up (BU) inventories. We explored this discrepancy by estimating CH4 emissions of 2 dairy facilities in California with US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) methodology, which is used for BU inventories, and 3 independent measurement techniques: (1) open-path measurements with inverse dispersion modeling (hereafter open-path), (2) vehicle measurements with tracer flux ratio method, and (3) aircraft measurements with the closed-path method. All 3 techniques were used to estimate whole-facility CH4 emissions during 3 to 6 d per farm in the summer of 2016. In addition, open-path was used to estimate whole-facility CH4 emissions over 13 to 14 d per farm in the winter of 2017. Our objectives were to (1) compare whole-facility CH4 measurements utilizing the different measurement techniques, (2) compare whole-facility CH4 measurements to US EPA inventory methodology estimates, and (3) compare CH4 emissions between 2 dairies. Whole-facility CH4 estimates were similar among measurement techniques. No seasonality was detected for CH4 emissions from animal housing, but CH4 emissions from liquid manure storage were 3 to 6 times greater during the summer than during the winter measurement periods. The findings confirm previous studies showing that whole-facility CH4 emissions need to be measured throughout the year to estimate and evaluate annual inventories. Open-path measurements for liquid manure storage emissions were similar to monthly US EPA estimates during the summer, but not during the winter measurement periods. However, the numerical difference was relatively small considering yearly emission estimates. Manure CH4 emissions contributed 69 to 79% and 26 to 47% of whole-facility CH4 emissions during the summer and winter measurement periods, respectively. Methane yields from animal housing were similar between farms (on average 20.9 g of CH4/kg of dry matter intake), but CH4 emissions normalized by volatile solids (VS) loading from liquid manure storage (g of CH4 per day/kg of VS produced by all cattle per day) at 1 dairy were 1.7 and 3.5 times greater than at the other during the summer (234 vs. 137 g of CH4/kg of VS) and winter measurement periods (78 vs. 22 g of CH4/kg of VS), respectively. We attributed much of this difference to the proportion of manure stored in liquid (anaerobic) form, and suggest that manure management practices that reduce the amount of manure solids stored in liquid form could significantly reduce dairy CH4 emissions.

This study focused on a comparative analysis of exposure to pollution in Ota and Ewekoro Township where we have concentration of industries that emits pollutant to the air. This was with a view to proffer solution to the negative effects of industrial activities on residents within industrial location. The study involved empirical observation and interview of residents. About 652 questionnaires were administered randomly on the residents. Analysis involved descriptive statistical tools including chi-square techniques. The results suggest that air pollution was most frequently reported in Ewekoro and Ota and this can help in the prediction of stringent factor in which industrial activities could pose to society.