背景:很少有研究将受影响驾驶(DUI)的预测因素作为性别的函数。这种监督是相关的,因为分析性别差异会阻止男性观察到的结果的推广,他们目前仍然占全球司机的大多数,给女人。这项研究的目的是分析在过去二十年中发表的真实案例研究中报道的男性和女性中DUI的患病率,并评估危险DUI行为的性别差异。
方法:PubMed,Scopus,在2021年5月搜索了WebofScience的合格研究;在2021年8月进行了后续文献检索。包括对因服用精神药物而被定罪的驾驶员的真实案例研究,毒理学验证性分析为阳性。提取的结果是男性和女性对可卡因的阳性发现的患病率,大麻素,类似苯丙胺的药物,阿片类药物,和精神处方药。对随机效应估计进行荟萃分析,以调查总体效应大小的变化(通过Cohend标准化均值差异检验)。进行了MannWhitneyU测试以测试性别之间的差异。
结果:在筛选的2877项研究中,全文共检索到439篇,共检索到26篇。荟萃分析显示,男性可卡因的患病率明显更高(1.8%vs0.9%;p<0.001),大麻素(3.5%vs1.6%;p=<0.01)和苯丙胺样药物(1.2%vs0.6%;p<0.01)。令人惊讶的是,阿片类药物(2.3%vs2.2%;p=0.45)和苯二氮卓类药物/Z类药物(2.9%vs3.7%;p=0.52)的使用没有差异.
结论:与文献中报道的大量真实案例研究相反,只有几篇论文区分了男性和女性的DUI患病率。这可能导致低估性别在DUI现象中的影响,或使某些类别物质的结果评估复杂化,正如观察到的药物和阿片类药物。未来的主要目标将是按照共享和同质的方法收集有关DUI驱动因素的数据,为了分析按性别分列的数据,可用于监测不断变化的趋势,并开展针对性别的有针对性的预防和执法工作。
BACKGROUND: Very few studies have examined predictors of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) as a function of gender. This oversight is relevant, because analyzing gender differences prevents generalization of results observed in men, who still currently account for the majority of drivers worldwide, to women. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of DUI of drugs in men and women reported in real
case studies published in the last two decades, and to assess gender differences in risky DUI behaviour.
METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science were searched for eligible studies in May 2021; a follow-up literature search was conducted in August 2021. Real-
case studies of drivers convicted for DUI of psychoactive drugs with positive toxicological confirmatory analysis were included. The extracted outcome was the prevalence of positive findings of men and women for cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamine-like drugs, opioids, and psychoactive prescription drugs. A meta-analysis of random effects estimates was performed to investigate the change in the size of the overall effect (by Cohen d standardized mean difference test). A Mann Whitney U test was performed to test for differences between genders.
RESULTS: Of the 2877 studies screened, 439 were retrieved in full-text and 26 were included. The meta-analysis showed a significant higher prevalence among men for cocaine (1.8% vs 0.9%; p < 0.001), cannabinoids (3.5% vs 1.6%; p = <0.01) and amphetamine-like drugs (1.2% vs 0.6%; p < 0.01). Surprisingly, no differences were observed in the use of opioids (2.3% vs 2.2%; p = 0.45) and benzodiazepines/Z-drugs (2.9% vs 3.7%; p = 0.52).
CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the extraordinary number of real-
case studies reported in literature, only a few papers differentiate the prevalence of DUI between men and women. This can lead to an underestimation of the influence of gender in DUI phenomenon or complicate the evaluation of the results for some classes of substances, as observed for medications and opioids. The primary goal in the future will be to collect the data concerning DUI drivers following shared and homogeneous methodologies, in order to allow the analysis of data disaggregated by gender, which can be used for monitoring evolving trends and developing gender-specific targeted prevention and enforcement efforts.