毒理学和流行病学研究表明,暴露于二硫代氨基甲酸酯(DTC)杀菌剂会导致不良的健康结果。然而,关于人类接触这些化学物质的信息有限。这项系统评价确定了全世界的人口在多大程度上,包括孩子,孕妇,和成年人,在环境或职业上暴露于DTC杀虫剂,以及这些暴露如何与NHANES2003-2008人口进行比较,使用尿ETU数据作为结果测量。PubMed,Embase,和SciFinder使用关键字“亚乙基硫脲”或CAS号进行搜索。:96-45-7,以及尿液或尿液。基于预定的排除标准,从搜索结果中去除重复和不相关的研究。这一筛选过程确定了17篇相关论文。发现了独立于此搜索的另一篇论文。使用预先建立的数据收集表提取来自研究的数据。十,两个,五份手稿报告了暴露于环境的成年人的尿液水平,孩子们,孕妇,分别。成人(1994-2017年)中值ETU水平为0.15至4.7μg/g肌酐,儿童肌酐0.24-0.83μg/g(2011年),和2.6-5.24ng/ml的孕妇(2011年)。八项研究报告了大多数农业暴露人群的尿ETU水平,中位数ETU水平范围为0.42至49.6μg/g肌酐(1999-2011年)。除了一个例外,所有研究均在1994-2011年间进行.NHANES2003-2008年人群中的ETU水平似乎普遍低于本综述中确定的大多数研究。这一发现表明,历史上,高收入国家普通人群中的DTC杀菌剂暴露,比如美国,很低,而农业人口可能经历了更高的暴露。不幸的是,最近的曝光数据丢失了,特别是在DTC农药尚未逐步淘汰的国家。
Toxicological and epidemiological studies implicate exposure to dithiocarbamate (DTC) fungicides in adverse health outcomes. However, there is limited information about human exposure to these chemicals. This systematic
review determined to which extent human populations worldwide, including children, pregnant women, and adults, are exposed environmentally or occupationally to DTC pesticides and how these exposures compare to the NHANES 2003-2008 population, using urinary ETU data as an outcome measure. PubMed, Embase, and SciFinder were searched using the keywords \"ethylenethiourea\" or CAS No.: 96-45-7, and urine or urinary. Duplicates and irrelevant studies were removed from the search results based on predetermined exclusion criteria. This screening process identified 17 relevant papers. One additional paper was found independent of this search. Data from studies were extracted using a pre-established data collection form. Ten, two, and five manuscripts reported urinary levels in environmentally exposed adults, children, and pregnant women, respectively. Median ETU levels ranged from 0.15 to 4.7 μg/g creatinine in adults (1994-2017), 0.24-0.83 μg/g creatinine in children (2011), and 2.6-5.24 ng/ml in pregnant women (2011). Eight studies reported urinary ETU levels in mostly agriculturally exposed populations, with median ETU levels ranging from 0.42 to 49.6 μg/g creatinine (1999-2011). With one exception, all studies were conducted between 1994 and 2011. ETU levels in the NHANES 2003-2008 population appeared to be generally lower than most studies identified in this
review. This finding suggests that, historically, DTC fungicide exposures in the general population of high-income countries, such as the US, were low, whereas agricultural populations may have experienced higher exposure. Unfortunately, more recent exposure data are missing, especially in countries where DTC pesticides are not being phased out.