Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major bacteria that causes diarrhea in humans. It has been associated with many cases of food poisoning in Japan caused by eating raw or undercooked chicken meat, chicken liver, and grilled chicken (Yakitori). Campylobacter jejuni is also known as the preceding infection pathogen of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which causes considerable health impact on humans. In January 2022, in a case of C. jejuni food poisoning that occurred at a restaurant in Tokyo, one of four patients with diarrhea developed GBS. The poisoning is presumed to have been caused by undercooked chicken dishes. Recently, it was one of the common cases in Japan. Moreover, C. jejuni isolates from three patients, including the patient with GBS, had the same genotype (ST22, HS19, and LOS A). This genotype was frequently detected from patients with GBS in our past surveys. Our findings confirmed that the patient developed GBS via food poisoning after consuming undercooked chicken dish.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic immunodeficiency in adults. It comprises a group of syndromes whose etiology involves genetic, epigenetic, microbiota, and environmental factors. We present the case of a 46-year-old Caucasian male patient with CVID and an immune dysregulation phenotype. The particular elements of the case consisted of an atypical clinical course, which undoubtedly demonstrates the great variability of clinical manifestations that these types of patients can suffer from, including bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune phenomena, and neoplasia. Notably, the patient suffered from recurrent gastrointestinal infection with macrolide-resistant Campylobacter jejuni and gastroduodenal disease and viraemia by cytomegalovirus (CMV). In addition, CMV was postulated as the main pro-oncogenic factor contributing to the development of early-onset intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma, for which the patient underwent gastrectomy. The patient\'s evolution was difficult, but finally, as a result of the multidisciplinary approach, clinical stabilization and improvement in his quality of life were achieved. Based on our brief literature review, this is the first reported case of this clinical complexity. Our experience could help with the management of future patients with CVID and may also update current epidemiological data on CVID.

Acute myocarditis is a rare complication of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Herein, we report the case of a 20-year-old man who presented with chest pain that developed three days after the onset of enteritis. Electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and cardiac enzyme levels suggested myocarditis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a late gadolinium enhancement in the inferior wall. Degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells and lymphocyte-dominant inflammatory cell infiltration were found in the tissue obtained by endomyocardial biopsy. Acute myocarditis associated with C. jejuni enteritis was confirmed by these findings and C. jejuni detected in the stool culture. The symptoms of enteritis and myocarditis remitted 10 days after the onset. The left ventricular ejection fraction was improved from 40 % to 57 %.In previous cases, endomyocardial biopsy has not been performed because of mild myocarditis. The lack of pathological reports makes the mechanism of myocarditis associated with C. jejuni enteritis unknown. We report a case of myocarditis associated with C. jejuni enteritis, which was diagnosed using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and endomyocardial biopsy.
UNASSIGNED: Acute myocarditis is a rare but important complication of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is useful for diagnosis. Most cases of myocarditis associated with C. jejuni enteritis were mild and remitted without specific treatment. In the present case, endomyocardial biopsy was performed and CD4-positive lymphocytes were predominantly detected in the myocardial tissue.

Campylobacter species infections in immunocompromised patients have the potential to progress to bacteremia and other extra-intestinal diseases. There is a sparsity of robust data, including antibiotic susceptibility data for contemporary agents, upon which to base treatment decisions. Moreover, intrinsic antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. further limits treatment options. The current publication by Bonilla-Moreno et al. elaborates on this clinical dilemma through the development, treatment, and molecular investigation of the putative mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in an immunocompromised patient with Campylobacter coli bacteremia.

Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of foodborne gastrointestinal infections in humans worldwide. This study reports the first case of four family members who had contact with the same source of Campylobacter jejuni contamination with different results. Only the little siblings were infected by the same C. jejuni strain, but with different symptoms. Whereas the daughter was slightly affected with mild enteritis, the son suffered a longer campylobacteriosis followed with a perimyocarditis. This is the first case of the youngest patient affected by C. jejuni-related perimyocarditis published to date. The genomes of both strains were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and compared with the C. jejuni NCTC 11168 genome to gain insights into the molecular features that may be associated with perimyocarditis. Various comparison tools were used for the comparative genomics analysis, including the identification of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, phase variable (PV) genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identification. Comparisons of the strains identified 16 SNPs between them, which constituted small but significant changes mainly affecting the ON/OFF state of PV genes after passing through both hosts. These results suggest that PV occurs during human colonization, which modulates bacteria virulence through human host adaptation, which ultimately is related to complications after a campylobacteriosis episode depending on the host status. The findings highlight the importance of the relation between host and pathogen in severe complications of Campylobacter infections.

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis, but central nervous system infections are rare manifestations of Campylobacter infection. Therefore, C. jejuni trauma-related subdural hygroma infection in children is poorly described in the literature.
METHODS: We described a 2-year old boy with lobar holoprosencephaly presenting with subdural hygroma following head trauma. C. jejuni infection was confirmed from a subdural hygroma sample by culture as well as by DNA sequencing of a broad range 16S rDNA PCR product. Cerebrospinal fluid from the ventriculoperitoneal shunt remained sterile. Combined neurosurgical and antimicrobial treatment led to complete recovery. Review of the literature showed that the most common manifestation of Campylobacter central nervous system infection is meningitis, mostly in neonates, and subdural hygroma infection was described for only one case.
CONCLUSIONS: Subdural hygroma infection caused by C. jejuni is a rare clinical condition in children. Molecular methods represent an important tool for the detection of rare or unexpected pathogens. No standard recommendations for antimicrobial treatment of C. jejuni subdural space infection in children are available, but meropenem treatment combined with surgery seems to be an effective approach.

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a Gram-negative bacterium, belongs to microaerobic bacteria. We reported a 21-year-old male patient diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) due to C. jejuni infection, who presented with multiple clinical manifestations of peripheral nerve injury, such as ophthalmoplegia, facial paralysis, and urinary retention during the treatment. Electromyography showed neurogenic injury and the final diagnosis was Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). After treatment of dexamethasone combined with immunoglobulin, the patient was discharged from the hospital with partial recovery of neurological symptoms.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify risk factors for sporadic campylobacteriosis in Australia, and to compare these for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections.
METHODS: In a multi-jurisdictional case-control study, we recruited culture-confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis reported to state and territory health departments from February 2018 through October 2019. We recruited controls from notified influenza cases in the previous 12 months that were frequency matched to cases by age group, sex, and location. Campylobacter isolates were confirmed to species level by public health laboratories using molecular methods. We conducted backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression to identify significant risk factors.
RESULTS: We recruited 571 cases of campylobacteriosis (422 C. jejuni and 84 C. coli) and 586 controls. Important risk factors for campylobacteriosis included eating undercooked chicken (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 70, 95% CI 13-1296) or cooked chicken (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), owning a pet dog aged < 6 months (aOR 6.4, 95% CI 3.4-12), and the regular use of proton-pump inhibitors in the 4 weeks prior to illness (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.3). Risk factors remained similar when analysed specifically for C. jejuni infection. Unique risks for C. coli infection included eating chicken pâté (aOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.5-25) and delicatessen meats (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.3). Eating any chicken carried a high population attributable fraction for campylobacteriosis of 42% (95% CI 13-68), while the attributable fraction for proton-pump inhibitors was 13% (95% CI 8.3-18) and owning a pet dog aged < 6 months was 9.6% (95% CI 6.5-13). The population attributable fractions for these variables were similar when analysed by campylobacter species. Eating delicatessen meats was attributed to 31% (95% CI 0.0-54) of cases for C. coli and eating chicken pâté was attributed to 6.0% (95% CI 0.0-11).
CONCLUSIONS: The main risk factor for campylobacteriosis in Australia is consumption of chicken meat. However, contact with young pet dogs may also be an important source of infection. Proton-pump inhibitors are likely to increase vulnerability to infection.

BACKGROUND: To date, Campylobacter jejuni has not been found to be pathogenic to peafowl. The available publications show that out of a total of 44 samples tested from peafowl, this bacterium was isolated only in two cases. Eimeria pavonina infestations in the peafowl have been described, but no fatal cases have been reported yet.
METHODS: The four-year-old peacock was presented with chronic diarrhea, emaciation and weakness. Post mortem examination revealed enlarged and pale kidneys, small intestinal mucosal necrosis and thickening of intestinal wall, and pericardial effusion. The histopathological examination revealed necrotic enteritis with marked mononuclear cells infiltration associated with the presence of coccidia, additionally there was histological evidence of septicemia in liver and kidneys. Bacteria identification was based on light microscopy of the small intestine sample, culture, and biochemical tests. Further identification was based on PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile was created by determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for 6 antimicrobial agents from 5 different classes. PCR assays were performed to detect virulence factors genes responsible for motility, cytolethal distending toxin production, adhesion and internalization. Bacteriology of the small intestine sample showed abundant growth almost exclusively of Campylobacter jejuni, resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and ampicillin. Bacteria was sensitive to Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, tetracycline, and erythromycin. All tested virulence factors genes have been detected. The parasitological examination was performed by microscopic examination of fresh faeces and intestinal content, and revealed the moderate number of Eimeria pavonina, Histomonas meleagridis, single Capillaria spp. eggs as well Heterakis spp. like parasites.
CONCLUSIONS: The above case shows that a virulent isolate of Campylobacter jejuni in combination with a parasitic invasion may cause chronic enteritis in peafowl, which most likely led to extreme exhaustion of the host organism and death.

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of enteritis. In rare cases, extraintestinal infection can occur, with a handful of cases of cardiac involvement, of which the pathophysiological mechanism is unclear. We report a case of pericarditis in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia presenting with chronic diarrhea and chest pain who evolved to cardiac tamponade, requiring a pericardial window and a long course of broad-spectrum antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case of pericarditis caused by Campylobacter jejuni reported in the literature, the second in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Despite its rarity, this case serves as a reminder of Campylobacter as a potential cause of cardiac inflammation for clinicians treating pericarditis/myocarditis, especially in patients with a history of diarrhea or immunosuppression.
A Campylobacter jejuni é uma das causas mais comuns de enterite. A infeção extraintestinal pode ocorrer raramente, estando reportados alguns casos de atingimento cardíaco, de mecanismo fisiopatológico incerto. Reportamos um caso de pericardite num doente com agamaglobulinemia ligada ao X, que se apresentou como diarreia crónica e dor torácica, evoluindo para tamponamento cardíaco com necessidade de confeção de janela pericárdica e tratamento prolongado com antibióticos de largo espectro. Este é, tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, o terceiro caso de pericardite por Campylobacter jejuni reportado na literatura, o segundo em doente com agamaglobulinemia ligada ao X. Apesar da sua raridade, este caso serve para reforçar a importância do género Campylobacter como causa de inflamação cardíaca para médicos que tratem pericardite/miocardite, especialmente em doentes com história de diarreia ou imunossupressão.