UNASSIGNED: Suicide is a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to its substantial psychological, social, and economic impact. There is little synthesized evidence to estimate the economic burden of suicide and suicide attempts in such economies. The present systematic literature review aims to examine existing evidence on the cost of illness (COI) in the case of suicides and suicide attempts and assess their quality.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic review was carried out using electronic databases, such as Medline, EMBASE, EconLit, PsycINFO, and CINAHL using keywords like \'suicide and suicide attempts,\' \'cost of illness,\' and economic burden.\" The quality assessment of studies was conducted along with the per-person cost estimation to understand the variation of methods followed across the studies.
UNASSIGNED: 14 studies qualified for final data extraction and synthesis out of 4,164 studies. The studies showed heterogeneity across objectives, settings, and methods, with cost estimates reflecting a wide range of costings per person in suicide and suicide attempts.
UNASSIGNED: It is challenging to determine and compare the economic estimates of suicide. Intensive research is warranted with standardized cost assessment techniques and wider perspectives to understand the true economic burden of suicide.
UNASSIGNED: PROSPERO Registration No- CRD42022294080.

Debriefing is a process in physical or online learning that encourages learners to reflect on their own learning experiences. Effective questioning techniques and evoking positive experiences are methods for regulating and guiding students toward an environment that promotes mental health. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify effective debriefing questioning techniques and experiences for addressing the three presences in the Community of Inquiry framework, namely social presence, cognitive presence, and instructor presence, among learners in an educational or occupational setting. The result of the synthesis provided a comprehensive picture of which question types and experiences are present for the projection of each or a combination of the three presences. On Google Scholar, Education Resources Information Center, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect, a search pertaining to debriefing strategy and questioning techniques was performed. From 2002 to 2020, 265 articles on debriefing strategy and questioning techniques were eliminated, leaving only 60 articles that were largely relevant. Results indicated that open-ended questions that are oriented toward higher-order thinking with the purpose of stimulating, following up, and clarifying are prevalent. Based on the Debriefing Experience Scale, the majority of the learners\' experiences involve Learning and Making Connections with Learning, followed by Appropriate Facilitator Guidance, Facilitator Skill in Conducting Debriefing, and then Analyzing Thoughts and Feelings. Questioning is a relevant aspect of facilitating experiences in different types of presence, and the types of questions used can influence the quality of those experiences.

The species of the genus Karschia Walter, 1889, collected from Xizang, China, were reviewed. A total of six species were recognized using morphological and molecular data, Karschia (Karschia) tibetana Hirst, 1907 is redescribed based on newly collected males and females, and five new species, Karschia (Karschia) dingyesp. nov., Karschia (Karschia) lhasasp. nov., Karschia (Karschia) zhuisp. nov., Karschia (Karschia) shigatsesp. nov., and Karschia (Karschia) namlingsp. nov., are described.

The few already published generic features of the genus Prochasma Warren, 1897 are reviewed and new-found characters are added to make the generic description more comprehensive. A new species, Prochasmadiaoluoensis Liu & Stüning, sp. nov. is described from Hainan Province, China. It is the only Prochasma species found on this island and exceptional for its conspicuous pattern, vivid coloration and some morphological characters not observed in other species before. Descriptions and illustrations of adults, their venation, and male and female genitalia are presented. An identification key and an annotated checklist of all presently known species of Prochasma are provided. In addition, a DNA barcode sequence is given for the new species, and preliminary phylogenetic estimations of the genus Prochasma are discussed.

We report two Arctic species of incirrate octopods new to science. One is formally described here as Muusoctopus aegir Golikov, Gudmundsson & Sabirov sp. nov. while the other, Muusoctopus sp. 1, is not formally described due to a limited number of samples (all are immature individuals). These two species differ from each other, and from other Muusoctopus, especially in: 1) absence of stylets (in M. aegir sp. nov.); 2) proportions of mantle and head; 3) funnel organ morphology (W-shaped with medial and marginal limbs of equal length in M. aegir sp. nov., or medial are slightly longer; V V-shaped with medial limbs slightly longer and broader than marginal in Muusoctopus sp. 1); 4) sucker and gill lamellae counts; 5) relative arm length and sucker diameter; and 6) male reproductive system relative size and morphology. Species of Muusoctopus now comprise four of 12 known Arctic cephalopods. Additionally, this study provides: a) new data on the morphology and reproductive biology of M. johnsonianus and M. sibiricus, and a diagnosis of M. sibiricus; b) the equations to estimate mantle length and body mass from beak measurements of M. aegir sp. nov. and M. johnsonianus; c) a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene barcode for M. sibiricus; d) new data on the ecology and distribution of all studied species; and e) a data table for the identification of northern North Atlantic and Arctic species of Muusoctopus.

Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are dangerous pests of agricultural and ornamental crops, the most economically significant of them belonging to the genera Tetranychus, Eutetranychus, Oligonychus and Panonychus. The expansion of the distribution areas, the increased harmfulness and dangerous status of certain species in the family Tetranychidae and their invasion of new regions pose a serious threat to the phytosanitary status of agro- and biocenoses. Various approaches to acarofauna species diagnosis determine a rather diverse range of currently existing methods generally described in this review. Identification of spider mites by morphological traits, which is currently considered the main method, is complicated due to the complexity of preparing biomaterials for diagnosis and a limited number of diagnostic signs. In this regard, biochemical and molecular genetic methods such as allozyme analysis, DNA barcoding, restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), selection of species-specific primers and real-time PCR are becoming important. In the review, close attention is paid to the successful use of these methods for species discrimination in the mites of the subfamily Tetranychinae. For some species, e. g., the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), a range of identification methods has been developed - from allozyme analysis to loop isothermal amplification (LAMP), while for many other species a much smaller variety of approaches is available. The greatest accuracy in the identification of spider mites can be achieved using a combination of several methods, e. g., examination of morphological features and one of the molecular approaches (DNA barcoding, PCR-RFLP, etc.). This review may be useful to specialists who are in search of an effective system for spider mite species identification as well as when developing new test systems relevant to specific plant crops or a specific region.
Паутинные клещи (Acari: Tetranychidae) являются опасными вредителями сельскохозяйственных и декоративных культур; наиболее экономически значимые из них относятся к родам Tetranychus, Eutetranychus, Oligonychus и Panonychus. Расширение ареалов распространения, усиление вредоносности и статуса по степени опасности отдельных видов тетранихид, инвазия опасных вредителей в новые регионы представляют серьезную угрозу для фитосанитарного состояния агро- и биоценозов. Различные подходы к видовой диагностике акарофауны определяют достаточно разнообразный спектр существующих в настоящее время методов, общая информация по которым приведена в данном обзоре. Идентификация паутинных клещей по морфологическим признакам, считающаяся основным методом, осложнена вследствие трудоемкости подготовки биоматериала для диагностики и ограниченного числа диагностических признаков. В связи с этим важное значение приобретают биохимические и молекулярно-генетические методы, такие как аллозимный анализ, ДНК-штрихкодирование, полиморфизм длины рестрикционного фрагмента (ПЦР-ПДРФ), подбор видоспецифичных праймеров, ПЦР в реальном времени и изотермическая амплификация. В обзоре пристальное внимание уделено успехам применения этих методов для видовой дискриминации клещей подсемейства Tetranychinae. Для некоторых видов, например обыкновенного паутинного клеща (Tetranychus urticae), разработан спектр методов идентификации – от аллозимного анализа до петлевой изотермической амплификации (LAMP), тогда как для многих других видов доступно гораздо меньшее разнообразие подходов. Наибольшей точности в определении паутинных клещей можно добиться, используя комбинацию нескольких методов, например осмотр морфологических признаков и один из молекулярных подходов (ДНК-штрихкодирование, ПЦР-ПДРФ и др.). Обзор может быть полезен специалистам, находящимся в поиске эффективной системы для видовой дискриминации паутинных клещей, а также при разработке новых тест-систем, актуальных для конкретных культур растений или определенного региона.

The ophiuroid genus Ophioplinthaca is well characterized by the deep incisions in the disc. Prior to this study, it contained 32 accepted species, but species limits and geographic distributions were not well understood. The manned submersible vehicle \'Shenhaiyongshi\' was used to collect ophiuroid specimens from the deep-sea seamounts and cold seeps in the South China Sea and Northwest Pacific at 602-3600 m depth, during 2018 to 2020. The genus Ophioplinthaca was reviewed using both morphological data and a phylogenetic analysis, based on COI sequences. The taxonomic status of the genus Ophiophthalmus Matsumoto, 1917, a junior homonym of Ophiophthalmus Fitzinger, 1843 (a reptile) was clarified by proving prevailing usage of the ophiuroid name. A total of eight species were identified, including two new species, described asOphioplinthacabrachispina sp. nov. and Ophiophthalmusserratus sp. nov., and two new records. The new species are characterized by unique features of the arm skeletons. Tabular keys to all Ophioplinthaca and Ophiophthalmus species are provided. Interspecific and intraspecific genetic distance of Ophioplinthaca species ranged from 2.32% to 19.72%, and from 0.26% to 0.90%, respectively. The data suggest that species of the genus Ophioplinthaca are more widely spread around the Northwest Pacific region deep-sea seamounts than previously known.

Ssu-Li Chen and Hsi-Te Shih (2018) The harvestman genus Metadentobunus is endemic to Taiwan, and has two taxa, M. formosae formosae Roewer, 1915 and M. formosae garampiensis Suzuki, 1944. The two subspecies have been raised as two species, and this study redescribes the type species M. formosae based on the type specimen and a neotype of M. garampiensis Suzuki, 1944 is assigned. A new species, Metadentobunus brevispinus sp. nov., is also established from central Taiwan based on morphological and molecular evidence. This new species differs from other congeneric species by having one pair of shorter (than other congeners) spines at frontal margin of the ocularium. It can also be distinguished from M. garampiensis by the basal shape of the penile shaft (constricted vs. parallel), location of the seminal receptacle in ovipositor (5th-6th segment vs. 6th-7th segment) and number of ampullas in the terminal of the seminal receptacle (2 vs. 3). Molecular evidence from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) further supports the identity of this new species. An identification key for this genus is included as well.

Intertidal mudflat crabs of the genus Metaplax H. Milne Edwards, 1852 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Varunidae) from China, Taiwan, and northern Vietnam are taxonomically revised by morphological and molecular evidence. These crabs show sexual dimorphism and morphological variation of a considerable range in the infraorbital ridge, one of the primary features previously used for species identification. In this study, four species were identified from the region: M. elegans De Man, 1888; M. longipes Stimpson, 1858; M. sheni Gordon, 1930; and M. tredecim Tweedie, 1950. Based on the results of the morphological examination, and as confirmed by molecular evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), taxonomic confusion surrounding M. longipes was resolved, and M. takahasii Sakai, 1939, is considered a junior synonym of M. longipes. The geographical distribution of Metaplax longipes extends along the shores of China, north to Jiangsu, whereas the Southeast Asian M. tredecim was newly recorded from northern Vietnam and Hong Kong.

Three species of the genus Prosopistoma Latreille, 1833 (Prosopistomatidae) are currently reported from Thailand. A new species, Prosopistomacarinatum sp. n., is described here based on specimens from western and southern Thailand. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other members of Prosopistoma by the following combination of characteristics: (i) the presence of two ridged longitudinal lines on each side of its carapace, (ii) antenna 7-segmented, (iii) a strongly convex carapace and (iv) nine pectinate setae on the ventral margin of the fore tibiae. A comparison between the key characteristics of P.carinatum sp. n. and the known Thai species is provided. Results of analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene (658 bp) of three species, as well as the distribution of the Thai species, are also discussed.