血管是血液流经的管道,分为三种类型:毫米级的动脉,静脉,和毛细血管以及微米尺度的毛细血管。动脉和静脉是输送血液的管道,而毛细血管是血液与组织交换物质的地方。血管主要由胶原纤维组成,弹性纤维,糖胺聚糖和其他大分子物质。人体每平方英寸的皮肤大约有19英尺的血管,这显示了血管对人体的重要性。因为心血管疾病和血管创伤在人群中很常见,近年来进行了大量的研究,通过模拟人体自身血管的结构和功能,创造出不同水平的组织工程血管,可以替代人体内受损的血管。然而,由于缺乏有效的氧气和营养输送机制,这些组织工程血管尚未在临床上使用。因此,为了更好地实现工程化血管组织的血管化,研究人员已经广泛探索了各种尺寸的血管系统的设计方法。在不久的将来,这些精心设计和构建的组织工程血管有望在临床上有实际应用。探索如何形成多尺度血管网络并提高其与宿主血管系统的兼容性将非常有利于实现这一目标。其中,3D打印具有精度高、设计灵活等优点,去细胞化的基质保留了胶原蛋白等活性成分,弹性蛋白,和糖胺聚糖,同时去除免疫原性物质DNA。在这次审查中,系统讨论了3D打印和基于脱细胞的人造血管制造方法的技术和进展。详细介绍了最近设计的血管系统的示例,讨论并指出了血管组织限制临床应用中存在的主要问题和挑战,并对组织工程血管领域未来的发展趋势进行了展望。
Blood vessels are the tubes through which blood flows and are divided into three types: millimeter-scale arteries, veins, and capillaries as well as micrometer-scale capillaries. Arteries and veins are the conduits that carry blood, while capillaries are where blood exchanges substances with tissues. Blood vessels are mainly composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, glycosaminoglycans and other macromolecular substances. There are about 19 feet of blood vessels per square inch of skin in the human body, which shows how important blood vessels are to the human body. Because cardiovascular disease and vascular trauma are common in the population, a great number of researches have been carried out in recent years by simulating the structures and functions of the person\'s own blood vessels to create different levels of tissue-engineered blood vessels that can replace damaged blood vessels in the human body. However, due to the lack of effective oxygen and nutrient delivery mechanisms, these tissue-engineered vessels have not been used clinically. Therefore, in order to achieve better vascularization of engineered vascular tissue, researchers have widely explored the design methods of vascular systems of various sizes. In the near future, these carefully designed and constructed tissue engineered blood vessels are expected to have practical clinical applications. Exploring how to form multi-scale vascular networks and improve their compatibility with the host vascular system will be very beneficial in achieving this goal. Among them, 3D printing has the advantages of high precision and design flexibility, and the decellularized matrix retains active ingredients such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan, while removing the immunogenic substance DNA. In this
review, technologies and advances in 3D printing and decellularization-based artificial blood vessel manufacturing methods are systematically discussed. Recent examples of vascular systems designed are introduced in details, the main problems and challenges in the clinical application of vascular tissue restriction are discussed and pointed out, and the future development trends in the field of tissue engineered blood vessels are also prospected.