人类健康受到各种因素的影响,包括人们一生大部分时间(约90%)的建筑环境中存在的微生物。因此,为了职业安全和公共卫生,有必要监测和控制室内空气中的微生物。大多数关于空气传播微生物的研究都集中在真菌上,关于细菌的数据很少。本综述从时间角度和多尺度相互作用角度考虑了2010年至2017年发表的论文以及影响室内空气传播细菌特性(群落和浓度)的因素。从时间的角度来看,建筑环境中的细菌浓度根据人类占用的数量而变化,而细菌群落的特性趋于稳定。同样,在办公室等社会和社区空间中发现的细菌,教室和医院主要与人类占用有关。室内空气传播细菌的其他主要来源是(i)室外环境,和(ii)建筑材料本身。室内细菌群落和浓度随室外环境的不同干扰而变化。室外环境中的空气传播细菌通过敞开的门窗进入室内空间,而室内细菌同时释放到外部环境。室外细菌群落及其浓度也受到地理因素的影响,例如土地利用类型及其空间分布。因此,在建筑环境中发现的细菌起源于人类周围的任何自然和人为环境。因此,为了更好地了解建筑环境中影响细菌浓度和群落的因素,我们应该研究人类接触的所有环境作为一个单一的生态系统。在这次审查中,我们建议使用四个因素建立一个评估室内空气传播细菌特性的标准程序:温度,相对湿度(RH),空气交换率,和乘员密度,作为最低要求。我们还按国家对相关立法进行了总结。讨论了衡量因素的选择仍然存在争议。
Human health is influenced by various factors including microorganisms present in built environments where people spend most of their lives (approximately 90%). It is therefore necessary to monitor and control indoor airborne microbes for occupational safety and public health. Most studies concerning airborne microorganisms have focused on fungi, with scant data available concerning bacteria. The present
review considers papers published from 2010 to 2017 approximately and factors affecting properties of indoor airborne bacteria (communities and concentration) with respect to temporal perspective and to multiscale interaction viewpoint. From a temporal perspective, bacterial concentrations in built environments change depending on numbers of human occupancy, while properties of bacterial communities tend to remain stable. Similarly, the bacteria found in social and community spaces such as offices, classrooms and hospitals are mainly associated with human occupancy. Other major sources of indoor airborne bacteria are (i) outdoor environments, and (ii) the building materials themselves. Indoor bacterial communities and concentrations are varied with varying interferences by outdoor environment. Airborne bacteria from the outdoor environment enter an indoor space through open doors and windows, while indoor bacteria are simultaneously released to the outer environment. Outdoor bacterial communities and their concentrations are also affected by geographical factors such as types of land use and their spatial distribution. The bacteria found in built environments therefore originate from any of the natural and man-made surroundings around humans. Therefore, to better understand the factors influencing bacterial concentrations and communities in built environments, we should study all the environments that humans contact as a single ecosystem. In this
review, we propose the establishment of a standard procedure for assessing properties of indoor airborne bacteria using four factors: temperature, relative humidity (RH), air exchange rate, and occupant density, as a minimum requirement. We also summarize the relevant legislation by country. Choice of factors to measure remain controversial are discussed.