Methyl farnesoate epoxidase (MFE) is a gene encoding an enzyme related to the last step of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Mn-MFE cDNA has a total length of 1695 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) length of 1482 bp, encoding 493 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that its amino acid sequence has a PPGP hinge, an FGCG structural domain, and other structural domains specific to the P450 family of enzymes. Mn-MFE was most highly expressed in the hepatopancreas, followed by the ovary and gill, weakly expressed in heart and muscle tissue, and barely expressed in the eyestalk and cranial ganglion. Mn-MFE expression remained stable during the larval period, during which it mainly played a critical role in gonadal differentiation. Expression in the ovary was positively correlated and expression in the hepatopancreas was negatively correlated with ovarian development. In situ hybridization (ISH) showed that the signal was expressed in the oocyte, nucleus, cell membrane and follicular cells, and the intensity of expression was strongest at stage O-IV. The knockdown of Mn-MFE resulted in a significantly lower gonadosomatic index and percentage of ovaries past stage O-III compared to the control group. However, no differences were found in the cumulative frequency of molting between the experimental and control groups. Moreover, the analysis of ovarian tissue sections at the end of the experiment showed differences between groups in development speed but not in subcellular structure. These results demonstrate that Mn-MFE promotes the ovarian development of Macrobrachium nipponense adults but has no effect on molting.

BACKGROUND: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae belong to the family Pyroglyphidae (subfamily: \"Dermatophagoidinae\") and have the respective allergenic proteins of Der p1, Der p2, and Der p23 and Der f1 and Der f2. Euroglyphus maynei, belongs to the family Pyroglyphidae (subfamily: \"Pyroglyphinae\") and its main allergenic protein is Eur m1, a source of sensitization. Sensitization to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae is assessed through skin tests, while sensitization to E. maynei is assessed less frequently.
OBJECTIVE: This experimental work aims to analyze the prevalence of sensitization to E. maynei in patients with respiratory allergies treated at M. Albanesi Allergy and Immunology Unit in Bari, Italy, and the sequence homology of major allergenic proteins of E. maynei with D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus was analyzed.
METHODS: In this real-life study, 65 patients were enrolled. In particular, patients with respiratory allergy were subjected to skin prick tests for common respiratory allergens, including Euroglyphus maynei. The sequence homology analysis was performed between the major allergenic proteins of E. maynei and those of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae.
RESULTS: Sensitization to E. maynei accounts for 41.5% of patients. All patients with E. maynei sensitization had concomitant sensitization to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. The analysis of sequence homology of Der p1 and Der f1 proteins with the sequence of Eur m1 protein demonstrated an identity of 84.4% and 86%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 50% of house dust mites-sensitized patients have a concomitant sensitization to E. maynei. The cross-sensitization could be due to Der f1, Der p1, and Eur m1 similarity.

Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases can cleave carotenoids into a range of biologically important products. Carotenoid isomerooxygenase (NinaB) and β, β-carotene 15, 15\'-monooxygenase (BCO1) are two important oxygenases. In order to understand the roles that both oxygenases exert in crustaceans, we first investigated NinaB-like (EsNinaBl) and BCO1-like (EsBCO1l) within the genome of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Their functions were then deciphered through an analysis of their expression patterns, an in vitro β-carotene degradation assay, and RNA interference. The results showed that both EsNinaBl and EsBCO1l contain an RPE65 domain and exhibit high levels of expression in the hepatopancreas. During the molting stage, EsNinaBl exhibited significant upregulation in stage C, whereas EsBCO1l showed significantly higher expression levels at stage AB. Moreover, dietary supplementation with β-carotene resulted in a notable increase in the expression of EsNinaBl and EsBCO1l in the hepatopancreas. Further functional assays showed that the EsNinaBl expressed in E. coli underwent significant changes in its color, from orange to light; in addition, its β-carotene cleavage was higher than that of EsBCO1l. After the knockdown of EsNinaBl or EsBCO1l in juvenile E. sinensis, the expression levels of both genes were significantly decreased in the hepatopancreas, accompanied by a notable increase in the redness (a*) values. Furthermore, a significant increase in the β-carotene content was observed in the hepatopancreas when EsNinaBl-mRNA was suppressed, which suggests that EsNinaBl plays an important role in carotenoid cleavage, specifically β-carotene. In conclusion, our findings suggest that EsNinaBl and EsBCO1l may exhibit functional co-expression and play a crucial role in carotenoid cleavage in crabs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a fundamental role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes and are pivotal in modulating immune responses in marine species, particularly during pathogen assaults. This study focused on the function of miR-7562 and its regulatory effects on autophagy against Vibrio harveyi infection in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), an economically important aquatic species. We successfully cloned and characterized two essential autophagy-related genes (ATGs) from P. monodon, PmATG5 and PmATG12, and then identified the miRNAs potentially involved in co-regulating these genes, which were notably miR-7562, miR-8485, and miR-278. Subsequent bacterial challenge experiments and dual-luciferase reporter assays identified miR-7562 as the principal regulator of both genes, particularly by targeting the 3\'UTR of each gene. By manipulating the in vivo levels of miR-7562 using mimics and antagomirs, we found significant differences in the expression of PmATG5 and PmATG12, which corresponded to alterations in autophagic activity. Notably, miR-7562 overexpression resulted in the downregulation of PmATG5 and PmATG12, leading to a subdued autophagic response. Conversely, miR-7562 knockdown elevated the expression levels of these genes, thereby enhancing autophagic activity. Our findings further revealed that during V. harveyi infection, miR-7562 continued to influence the autophagic pathway by specifically targeting the ATG5-ATG12 complex. This research not only sheds light on the miRNA-dependent mechanisms governing autophagic immunity in shrimp but also proposes miR-7562 as a promising target for therapeutic strategies intended to strengthen disease resistance within the crustacean aquaculture industry.

The growing concern about migratory birds potentially spreading ticks due to global warming has become a significant issue. The city of Nantong in this study is situated along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), with numerous wetlands serving as roosting sites for migratory birds. We conducted an investigation of hard ticks and determined the phylogenetic characteristics of tick species in this city. We utilized three different genes for our study: the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), and the mitochondrial small subunit rRNA (12 S rRNA) gene. The predominant tick species were Haemaphysalis flava (H. flava) and Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis). Additionally, specimens of Haemaphysalis campanulata (H. campanulata) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (R. sanguineus) were collected. The H. flava specimens in this study showed a close genetic relationship with those from inland provinces of China, as well as South Korea and Japan. Furthermore, samples of H. longicornis exhibited a close genetic relationship with those from South Korea, Japan, Australia, and the USA, as well as specific provinces in China. Furthermore, R. sanguineus specimens captured in Nantong showed genetic similarities with specimens from Egypt, Nigeria, and Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Allermmune HDM (Zenoaq) is a recombinant Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2) pullulan-based immunotherapy vaccine whose efficacy on house dust mite allergic dogs has been demonstrated. There is no published information on its use in cats.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety and short-term effects of Allermmune HDM in Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-sensitised cats.
METHODS: Eleven cats diagnosed with atopic skin syndrome received Allermmune weekly for six weeks then monthly for three months (total duration 18 weeks). On Weeks 0, 6 and 18 clinical lesions were assessed by the Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI); owners assessed pruritus with a 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (pVAS). Concurrent medication use was recorded. The allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E were measured before study inclusion with a commercial serological assay.
RESULTS: There were no evident adverse effects. FEDESI and pVAS improved significantly after six weeks (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). The pretreatment Df-specific IgE levels were significantly higher in the cats with improved clinical scores than in the cats with no clinical score change (p = 0.009).
CONCLUSIONS: Allermmune HDM may be safe in cats and has the potential to alleviate signs of atopic skin syndrome. Allergen-specific IgE levels may represent an efficacy marker. Controlled studies of longer duration and larger sample size are worth pursuing.
背景: Allermmune HDM(Zenoaq)是一种重组粉尘螨2(Der f2)-支链淀粉-佐剂免疫疗法疫苗，其对粉尘螨过敏犬的疗效已得到证实。目前还没有关于其在猫身上使用的公开信息。 目的: 评价AllermmuneHDM治疗尘螨(Df)致敏猫的安全性和短期疗效。 材料和方法: 11只被诊断为特应性皮肤综合征的猫每周接受Allermmune治疗6周，然后每月接受Allermmune治疗3个月(总持续时间18周)。在第0、6和18周，通过猫皮炎程度和严重程度指数(FEDESI)评估临床病变；主人用10cm视觉模拟量表(pVAS)评估瘙痒。同时用药记录。过敏原特异性免疫球蛋白(Ig)E在纳入研究之前通过商业血清学测定进行测量。 结果: 无明显不良反应。FEDESI和pVAS在6周后显著改善(分别为p=0.001和p=0.01)。临床评分改善的猫的预处理Df特异性IgE水平显著高于临床评分无变化的猫(p=0.009)。 结论和临床相关性: AllermmuneHDM在猫身上可能是安全的，并有可能减轻特应性皮肤综合征的症状。过敏原特异性IgE水平可以代表疗效标志。值得进行持续时间更长、样本量更大的对照研究。.
UNASSIGNED: Allermmune HDM (Zenoaq) ist eine rekombinante Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2)-Pullulan-basierte Immuntherapie Vakzine, deren Wirksamkeit bei Hausstaubmilben-allergischen Hunden gezeigt werden konnte. Es gibt keine publizierten Informationen über ihren Einsatz bei der Katze.
UNASSIGNED: Eine Evaluierung der Sicherheit und der Kurzzeitwirkung von Allermmune HDM bei Dermatophagoides farinae-sensibilisierten Katzen.
UNASSIGNED: Elf Katzen, die mit atopischem Hautsyndrom diagnostiziert worden waren, erhielten Allermmune sechs Wochen lang wöchentlich, danach 3 Monate lang monatlich (Gesamtdauer 18 Wochen). In den Wochen 0, 6 und 18 wurden die klinischen Veränderungen mittels Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI) erfasst; die BesitzerInnen beurteilten den Juckreiz mittels 10 cm Visual Analog Scale (pVAS). Gleichzeitig verabreichte Medikation wurde festgehalten. Die Allergen-spezifischen Immunglobulin (Ig) E wurden vor Aufnahme in die Studie mittels kommerziellem serologischem Assay gemessen.
UNASSIGNED: Es gab keine offensichtlichen Nebenwirkungen. FEDESI und pVAS verbesserten sich nach 6 Wochen signifikant (p = 0,001 bzw. p = 0,01). Die Df-spezifischen IgE Werte waren vor der Behandlung signifikant höher bei den Katzen, die verbesserte klinische Werte zeigten, als bei Katzen ohne klinische Veränderung (p = 0,009).
UNASSIGNED: Allermmune HDM kann bei Katzen in der Anwendung sicher sein und hat das Potential Zeichen des atopischen Hautsyndroms zu mildern. Allergen-spezifische IgE Werte könnten einen Wirksamkeitsmarker darstellen. Es wäre wichtig, kontrollierte Studien von längerer Dauer und größere Fallzahlen anzustreben.
背景: Allermmune HDM(Zenoaq)は組換えDermatophagoides farinae 2(Der f 2)-プルランベース免疫療法ワクチンであり、ハウスダストマイトアレルギーのイヌに対する有効性が証明されている。猫への使用については発表されていない。 目的: 本研究の目的は、Dermatophagoides farinae(Df)感作猫におけるAllermmune HDMの安全性および短期効果を評価することであった。 材料と方法: 猫アトピー性皮膚症候群と診断した11頭の猫にAllermmuneを週1回6週間、その後月1回3ヶ月間投与した(合計投与期間18週間)。0週目、6週目、18週目に臨床的病変をFEDESI(Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index)で評価し、飼い主は10cmのVisual Analog Scale(pVAS)で掻痒を評価した。同時に使用した薬剤を記録した。アレルゲン特異的免疫グロブリン(Ig)Eは、市販の血清学的アッセイを用いて試験組み入れ前に測定した。 結果: 明らかな副作用はみられなかった。FEDESIおよびpVASは6週間後に有意に改善した(それぞれp = 0.001およびp = 0.01)。治療前のDf特異的IgE値は、臨床スコアが改善した猫で、臨床スコアに変化のなかった猫よりも有意に高かった(p = 0.009)。 結論および臨床的意義: Allermmune HDMは猫において安全で、猫アトピー性皮膚症候群の徴候を緩和する可能性がある。アレルゲン特異的IgE値は有効性の指標となる可能性がある。より長期間の、よりサンプル数の多い対照試験を実施する価値がある。.
UNASSIGNED: Allermmune HDM (Zenoaq) é uma vacina de imunoterapia recombinante à base de Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2)-pullulan cuja eficácia em cães alérgicos aos ácaros da poeira doméstica já foi demonstrada. Não há informações publicadas sobre seu uso em gatos.
OBJECTIVE: Avaliar a segurança e os efeitos a curto prazo do Allermmune HDM em gatos sensibilizados por Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Onze gatos diagnosticados com síndrome atópica cutânea receberam Allermmune semanalmente durante 6 semanas e depois mensalmente durante 3 meses (duração total de 18 semanas). Nas semanas 0, 6 e 18 as lesões clínicas foram avaliadas pelo Índice de Extensão e Gravidade da Dermatite Felina (Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index - FEDESI); os tutores avaliaram o prurido com uma Escala Visual Analógica (pVAS) de 10 cm. O uso concomitante de medicamentos foi registrado. A imunoglobulina (Ig)E alérgeno-específica foi mensurada antes da inclusão no estudo com um ensaio sorológico comercial.
RESULTS: Não houve efeitos adversos evidentes. FEDESI e pVAS melhoraram significativamente após 6 semanas (p = 0,001 e p = 0,01, respectivamente). Os níveis de IgE alérgeno-específica para Df pré-tratamento foram significativamente mais elevados nos gatos que apresentaram melhora nos escores do que nos gatos sem alteração na pontuação (p = 0,009). CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Allermmune HDM pode ser seguro em gatos e tem potencial para aliviar os sinais clínicos da síndrome atópica cutânea. Os níveis de IgE alérgeno-específica para alérgenos podem representar um marcador de eficácia. É interessante a realização de estudos controlados de maior duração e maior tamanho de amostra.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Allermmune HDM (Zenoaq) es una vacuna de inmunoterapia recombinante con pululando frente a Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2) cuya eficacia en perros alérgicos a los ácaros del polvo doméstico ya ha sido demostrada. No hay información publicada sobre su uso en gatos. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la seguridad y los efectos a corto plazo de Allermmune HDM en gatos sensibilizados frente a Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Once gatos diagnosticados con síndrome de piel atópica recibieron Allermmune semanalmente durante 6 semanas y luego mensualmente durante 3 meses (duración total 18 semanas). En las semanas 0, 6 y 18 las lesiones clínicas fueron evaluadas mediante el Índice de Extensión y Severidad de la Dermatitis Felina (FEDESI); los propietarios evaluaron el prurito con una escala análoga visual (pVAS) de 10 cm. Se registró el uso concurrente de medicación. La inmunoglobulina (Ig)E específica del alérgeno se midió antes de la inclusión en el estudio con un ensayo serológico comercial. RESULTADOS: no hubo efectos adversos evidentes. FEDESI y pVAS mejoraron significativamente después de 6 semanas (p = 0,001 y p = 0,01, respectivamente). Los niveles de IgE específica de Df previos al tratamiento fueron significativamente más altos en los gatos con puntuaciones clínicas mejoradas que en los gatos sin cambios en la puntuación clínica (p = 0,009). CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: Allermmune HDM puede utilizarse de forma segura en gatos y tiene el potencial de aliviar los signos del síndrome de piel atópica. Los niveles de IgE específica de alérgeno pueden representar un marcador de eficacia. Vale la pena realizar estudios controlados de mayor duración y mayor tamaño de muestra.
BACKGROUND: Allermmune HDM (Zenoaq) est un vaccin d\'immunothérapie recombinant composé de Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2)-pullulan dont l\'efficacité sur les chiens allergiques aux acariens a été démontrée. Il n\'existe pas d\'informations publiées sur son utilisation chez les chats.
OBJECTIVE: Évaluer l\'innocuité et les effets à court terme de l’HDM d\'Allermmune chez les chats sensibilisés à Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Onze chats souffrant d’un syndrome cutané atopique ont reçu Allermmune une fois par semaine pendant 6 semaines, puis une fois par mois pendant 3 mois (durée totale de 18 semaines). Les semaines 0, 6 et 18, les lésions cliniques ont été évaluées par le Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI) ; les propriétaires ont évalué le prurit à l\'aide d\'une échelle visuelle analogique de 10 cm (pVAS). La prise concomitante de médicaments a été consignée. Les immunoglobulines (Ig)E spécifiques des allergènes ont été titrées avant l\'inclusion dans l\'étude à l\'aide d\'un test sérologique commercial. RÉSULTATS: Il n\'y a pas eu d\'effet indésirable évident. Le FEDESI et le pVAS s’améliorent de manière significative après 6 semaines (p = 0,001 et p = 0,01, respectivement). Les taux d\'IgE spécifiques à Df avant traitement sont significativement plus élevés chez les chats dont le score clinique s\'améliore que chez les chats dont le score clinique n\'a pas changé (p = 0,009).
UNASSIGNED: L’HDM d’Allermmune est sûre d’emploi chez les chats et a le potentiel d\'atténuer les signes du syndrome cutané atopique. Les taux d\'IgE spécifiques d’allergène représentent un marqueur d\'efficacité. Des études contrôlées d\'une durée plus longue et comprenant un échantillon plus important devraient être menées.

暂无摘要。

Der p 23 is a major allergen of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, which could contribute to allergic asthma. The study compared the cytokine profile (Il-1beta, Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, Il-13, Il-17, TNF-alpha) in patients with allergic asthma, with confirmed allergy to D. pteronyssinus and with the presence or absence of allergy to Der p 23.
Among 173 included patients, the following combinations were analyzed: profile A - Der p 1 (+), Der p 2 (+), and Der p 23 (-) observed in 38 (22%) patients; profile B - Der p 1 (+), Der p 2 (+), and Der p 23 (+) in 87 (50.3%) patients; and profile C - Der p 1 (-), Der p 2 (-), and Der p 23 (+) in 15 (8.7%) patients.
The mean concentration of Il-1beta was significantly lower in profile A than in profiles B and C: 10.51 ± 5.22 (pg/ml) vs. 21.92 ± 11.34 vs. 23.1 ± 8.56 (A vs. B for p = 0.03 and A vs. C for p = 0.019). Similar trends were observed for Il-5: 38.5 ± 10.45 (pg/ml) vs. 94.8 ± 54.11 vs. 103.61 ± 34.9 (A vs. B for p = 0.008 and A vs. C for p = 0.001).
The higher Il-1 and Il-5 activities observed in profiles B and C with Der p 23 (+) could be responsible for the more effective acceleration of allergic inflammation than in profile A with Der p 23.

This study applied bisindolylmaleimide I (BSM), a pharmacological competitive inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) enzymatic activity, at 1.25 pmol shrimp-1 for 60 min to investigate the potential involvement of PKC in signal transduction pathways in the hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei. A novel PKC in L. vannamei (LvnPKC) was identified and characterized and was determined to be involved in mediating the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network. The hemocytes of L. vannamei that receive BSM exhibit significantly decreased PKC activity and LvnPKC gene and protein expression levels. Furthermore, the total hemocyte count, hyaline cells, and semigranular cells increased significantly along with significant decreases in granular cells, and meanwhile, the significantly increased phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, phagocytic activity, and neutrophil extracellular trap were observed; however, phagocytic activity decreased significantly. In a molecular model, the gene expressions of lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein, peroxinectin, cytosolic manganese SOD, mitochondrial manganese SOD, and copper/zinc SOD in the hemocytes of L. vannamei that had received BSM decreased significantly, but prophenoloxidase I increased significantly. In catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine decreased significantly in the hemocytes of L. vannamei that had received BSM, and l-dihydroxyphenylalanine increased. Moreover, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity increased significantly, whereas TH and dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase gene expression decreased significantly. These findings suggest that BSM inhibits PKC activity in hemocytes in which LvnPKC gene and protein expression are also inhibited. Additionally, the hemocytes\' immunocompetence, including their prophenoloxidase and antioxidant systems, phagocytic activity, and catecholamine biosynthesis, was disrupted, confirming the roles of LvnPKC in mediating the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in hemocytes.

Acetes chinensis (belonging to the Decapoda Sergestidae genus) is widely distributed in East Asian waters and is extremely widespread and present in the shallow coastal areas of China. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which was extracted from Acetes chinensis, was purified in a four-step procedure involving phosphate-buffered saline treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Cellulose chromatography, and Phenyl-Sepharose HP chromatography, and then, its biochemical characterization was measured. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was increased to 643.4 U/mg, which is a 30.35 times increase in purification, and the recovery rate was 17.9%. L-dopa was used as the substrate, the enzymatic reactions catalyzed by PPO conformed to the Michaelis equation, the maximum reaction velocity was 769.23 U/mL, and the Michaelis constant Km was 0.846 mmol/L. The optimal pH of PPO from Acetes chinensis was 7.5, and the optimal temperature was 35 °C. The metal ions experiment showed that Mn2+ and K+ could enhance the activity of PPO; that Ba2+ and Ca2+ could inhibit the activity of PPO; and that Cu2+ had a double effect on PPO, increasing the PPO activity at low concentrations and inhibiting the PPO activity at high concentrations. The inhibitor experiment showed that the inhibitory effects of EDTA and kojic acid were weak and that ascorbic acid and sodium pyrophosphate had good inhibitory effects. The purification and characterization of Acetes chinensis serve as guidelines for the prediction of enzyme behavior, leading to effective prevention of enzymatic browning during processing.