UNASSIGNED: To report the clinical presentation, anterior segment optical coherence tomography features, treatment, and outcomes of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) associated with pterygium.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective interventional series of 14 cases in a 28-month study period.
UNASSIGNED: OSSN was coexistent with pterygium (n = 14) in < 1% of all pterygia (n = 7384). The mean age at the presentation of OSSN with pterygium was 49 years (median, 49 years; range, 36 to 71 years). Referral diagnosis included pterygium sans OSSN (n = 7, 50%), granuloma (n = 1, 7%), actinic keratosis (n = 1, 7%), and conjunctivitis (n = 1, 7%). All OSSNs were unilateral, and six patients (43%) had bilateral pterygia. Tumors arose from the nasal (n = 8, 57%), or temporal (n = 6, 43%) quadrants. The mean tumor diameter was 4 mm (median, 4 mm; range, 2 to 6 mm), and the mean thickness was 2 mm (median, 1 mm; range, 1 to 3 mm). The delineation between OSSN and pterygium could be identified on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in all (100%) cases. All patients received 1% topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and complete tumor regression was achieved in 13 (93%) cases with a mean number of 2 cycles (median, two cycles; range, 1 to 4 cycles). There were no significant adverse effects. No tumor recurrence was noted over a mean follow-up period of 11 months (median 12 months; range, 1 to 4 months).
UNASSIGNED: AS-OCT allows accurate detection and mapping of tumor extent in OSSN with coexistent pterygium, and topical 5-FU yields excellent tumor control.

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by the slow and progressive degeneration of corneal endothelial cells. Thus, it may result in corneal endothelial decompensation and irreversible corneal edema. Moreover, FECD is associated with alterations in all corneal layers, such as thickening of the Descemet membrane, stromal scarring, subepithelial fibrosis, and the formation of epithelial bullae. Hence, anterior segment imaging devices that enable precise measurement of functional and anatomical changes in the cornea are essential for the management of FECD. In this review, the authors will introduce studies on the application of various imaging modalities, such as anterior segment optical coherence tomography, Scheimpflug corneal tomography, specular microscopy, in vitro confocal microscopy, and retroillumination photography, in the diagnosis and monitoring of FECD and discuss the results of these studies. The application of novel technologies, including image processing technology and artificial intelligence, that are expected to further enhance the accuracy, precision, and speed of the imaging technologies will also be discussed.

UNASSIGNED: To report a case of metallic corneal foreign-body (CFB) penetrating the Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flap and its successful outcome. To highlight usefulness of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (ASOCT) in diagnosis and management of post-LASIK CFB. To enumerate other similar cases published in literature.
UNASSIGNED: A 30-year-old male presented to the emergency department of a tertiary eye care centre with a metallic CFB. He had undergone uneventful LASIK elsewhere 4-years back. He was unaware of any trauma. CFB removal was attempted elsewhere but abandoned as CFB appeared deeply embedded. ASOCT showed CFB had penetrated LASIK flap and lodged into midstroma, 207 μm deep. CFB was successfully removed in operation theatre along with the application of cyanoacrylate glue and bandage contact lens. A review of literature for CFB in post-LASIK patients was done through PubMed search.
UNASSIGNED: Postoperative course was uncomplicated and there was a follow up period of 4 months. Vision improved to unaided 20/20 and N/6 from preoperative 20/60 and N/10. Review of literature of 24 patients showed Post-LASIK FB was more common in males (79%). None of the patients except for one had protective eye-wear. Metallic FB was most common followed by organic FB. Flap complications were present in seven patients. Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) and epithelial ingrowth were the most common post-FB removal complications occurring in six (25%) and four (16.6%) patients respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Post-LASIK patients with CFB need to be inspected for flap related complications. CFB can be successfully removed, although DLK, epithelial ingrowth, microbial keratitis, astigmatism, can occur post-CFB removal. ASOCT can delineate CFB and flap related details and thus is an additional useful imaging tool in such scenarios.

Primary angle closure glaucoma is a visually debilitating disease that is under-detected worldwide. Many of the challenges in managing primary angle closure disease (PACD) are related to the lack of convenient and precise tools for clinic-based disease assessment and monitoring. Artificial intelligence (AI)- assisted tools to detect and assess PACD have proliferated in recent years with encouraging results. Machine learning (ML) algorithms that utilize clinical data have been developed to categorize angle closure eyes by disease mechanism. Other ML algorithms that utilize image data have demonstrated good performance in detecting angle closure. Nonetheless, deep learning (DL) algorithms trained directly on image data generally outperformed traditional ML algorithms in detecting PACD, were able to accurately differentiate between angle status (open, narrow, closed), and automated the measurement of quantitative parameters. However, more work is required to expand the capabilities of these AI algorithms and for deployment into real-world practice settings. This includes the need for real-world evaluation, establishing the use case for different algorithms, and evaluating the feasibility of deployment while considering other clinical, economic, social, and policy-related factors.

UNASSIGNED: High resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) has revolutionized the way by which clinicians can diagnose and differentiate ocular surface lesions. Careful interpretation of HR-OCT images can provide morphological information about the lesion of interest and help guide the diagnosis.
UNASSIGNED: This paper reviews the steps to interpreting HR-OCT images of ocular surface lesions and summarizes their characteristic findings.
UNASSIGNED: Among the multiple modalities available to image the ocular surface and anterior segment, HR-OCT has emerged as an instrumental tool to obtain \"optical biopsies\" of various ocular surface lesions. A step-by-step approach to acquiring and interpreting HR-OCT images can allow for accurate in-office characterization and diagnosis of both benign and malignant ocular surface lesions.

UNASSIGNED: To report a case of a bilateral complex uveitic glaucoma (UG) with pupillary block, rupture of the anterior lens capsule, and malignant glaucoma in a young high-myopic patient and to report anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) findings initially and following surgery.
UNASSIGNED: A 21-year-old high-myopic woman who had a history of anterior uveitis with extensive posterior synechiae, presented with acute bilateral ocular pain, redness, and blurred vision following bilateral Nd: YAG laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI).
UNASSIGNED: Visual acuity was limited to light perception in both eyes (OU), with a flat anterior chamber (AC) and anterior luxation of lens fragments. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was over 60 mmHg OU. AS-OCT showed closed angles and hyperreflective heterogeneous material within the flat AC. The iris and lens fragments were plated against the corneal endothelium OU. We performed an urgent pars plana vitrectomy associated with lensectomy. It was uneventful in OU. Repeated AS-OCT revealed a deep AC, widely open angles, and aphakia. IOP was lowered to 9 mmHg and visual acuity improved to 5/10 in OU.
UNASSIGNED: Performing LPI might be harmful in the presence of UG with extensive posterior synechia, resulting in complex mechanism glaucoma with aqueous misdirection syndrome associated with a pupillary block due to anterior lens luxation, even in high-myopic eyes. Nd: YAG LPI should not be performed simultaneously in OU, especially in pathologic eyes, to prevent bilateral vision-threatening complications. AS-OCT was of great help, allowing easy and detailed ultrastructural assessment of the ACs, and iridocorneal angles before and after surgery.

UNASSIGNED: We conducted a systematic search of literature to understand the various methods of imaging of the ciliary body.
UNASSIGNED: PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched comprehensively and systematically to find studies related to the various modalities of ciliary body imaging.
UNASSIGNED: The various ciliary body parameters that have been described are Ciliary body thickness, Ciliary body length, ciliary muscle thickness, ciliary process length, ciliary muscle length, ciliary muscle anterior length, trabecular ciliary process distance and Iris ciliary process distance. The various angles which have been measured, which mostly have a significance in Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) are Iris ciliary angle, Trabecular ciliary angle, scleral ciliary process angle. Various authors have defined them in various ways with subtle differences. Plateau iris and PACG mechanisms, not forgetting malignant glaucoma are better understood with imaging of the ciliary body using the ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). The anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) imaging of the ciliary body has been described albeit with its own disadvantages. A few other fields dependant on the importance of ciliary body imaging are intravitreal injections, pars plana vitrectomy, measurements for implantable collamer lens (ICL) and of utmost importance, the differentiating features of ciliary body masses.
UNASSIGNED: The UBM is still preferred over the ASOCT for imaging of the ciliary body. A lot of lacunae of knowledge still exists and consensus has to be reached on defining all the parameters universally. Future studies will be able to shed more light on the role of the ciliary body in the many ocular disorders mentioned in this review.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review the literature that compares the accuracy of Anterior Segment-Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT) against gonioscopy in detecting eyes with angle closure. It is currently unclear how AS-OCT fits into clinical practice for detecting angle closure. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS: A literature search was performed on Medline, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify studies that investigated the diagnostic accuracy of AS-OCT in detecting eyes with angle closure as diagnosed by gonioscopy. Eligible studies included in the analysis met stringent inclusion criteria determining the sensitivity and specificity of AS-OCT.
RESULTS: The initial search identified 727 studies, of which 23 were included in the final analysis. We found substantial variation in the parameters being studied and methodologies. The sensitivity of AS-OCT ranged from 46 to 100% (median 87%). Twenty-one studies identified parameters that showed sensitivity above 80%. The specificity ranged from 55.3 to 100% (median 84%).
CONCLUSIONS: AS-OCT demonstrates good sensitivity for detecting angle closure. It may provide an avenue to address high rates of undiagnosed angle closure, such as found in developing Asian countries. However, AS-OCT is not yet able to replace gonioscopy. Clinicians should consider whether the diagnostic accuracy of AS-OCT is acceptable for their specific clinical use before adopting it. More studies are needed to determine the utility of AS-OCT, including longitudinal studies to determine the significance of eyes classified to have closed angles by AS-OCT but open on gonioscopy.

Glaucoma patients often suffer from ocular surface disease (OSD) caused by the chronic administration of topical anti-glaucoma medications, especially in cases of long-term therapy with preserved or multiple drugs. Additionally, glaucoma surgery may determine ocular surface changes related to the formation and location of the filtering bleb, the application of anti-mitotic agents, and the post-operative wound-healing processes within the conjunctiva. Recently, several studies have evaluated the role of advanced diagnostic imaging technologies such as in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in detecting microscopic and macroscopic features of glaucoma therapy-related OSD. Their clinical applications are still being explored, with recent particular attention paid to analyzing the effects of new drug formulations and of minimally invasive surgical procedures on the ocular surface status. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the main changes of the ocular surface identified at IVCM and AS-OCT in glaucoma patients under medical therapy, or after surgical treatment.

Cystoid macular edema (CME) is an infrequent, though potentially visually impairing, complication after uneventful cataract surgery. Rupture of the blood-aqueous barrier, with leakage of serum proteins into the aqueous humour, is the main pathogenic factor. However, only a few studies investigated the potential correlation between anterior chamber (AC) inflammation and the risk of cystoid macular changes occurring after surgery. This review aims to identify evidence of a correlation between AC inflammation and the risk of pseudophakic CME. One hundred eighty-seven prospective trials investigating AC inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery were identified. Methods of analysis of AC inflammation and the frequency of macular changes were recorded. In the majority (51%) of the studies, inflammation was assessed by clinical grading, followed by laser flare and cell photometry (LFCP) (42%) and aqueous humour sample (4%). Few studies (4%) adopted a combined LFCP and aqueous sample or clinical grading analysis. Sixteen (9%) studies investigated AC inflammation and macular changes by OCT (7%) or fluorescein angiography (2%). Correlation between the amount of postoperative AC inflammation and frequency of CME was documented in 7 studies, not confirmed in 2 studies, and not examined in the other 7. LFCP, more than the other methods of analysis, correlated with the frequency of CME postoperatively. Investigation of the relationship between AC inflammation and the risk of CME changes requires the adoption of quantitative methods of analysis of the inflammatory response after surgery. For this purpose, due to the low level of inflammation in the AC after uncomplicated cataract surgery, LFCP, more than subjective clinical grading, seems a more sensitive and reproducible method of measurement. Inflammation assessment after cataract surgery has a potential role in predicting the risk of CME development and may help to titrate the duration and intensity of treatment in relation to the surgical inflammatory response.