BACKGROUND: Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is expected to greatly rise in future, making it a major worldwide health concern with severe impacts on individuals and society. Despite advancements in understanding the cellular and molecular aspects of Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) in recent decades, it still poses a significant problem. A major problem is accurately delivering drugs to diseased neurons while minimising effects on healthy neurons. This difficulty is worsened by the low water solubility of anti-Alzheimer\'s disease medicines and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that hinders the entry of central nervous system pharmaceuticals that are highly lipophilic.
OBJECTIVE: The focus of this article is on nanocarriers that are lipid-based. This is one of the more widely accepted methods of treating Alzheimer\'s disease, as it increases therapeutic efficacy while decreasing side effects related to cooperated neurological disorder payload.
METHODS: Searched many databases for papers published under the title (including PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar).
CONCLUSIONS: Nano Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are recognized for their ability to target the brain effectively due to their lipid-loving properties and compatibility with living tissues. They improve the absorption of drugs in the brain while decreasing the accumulation of drugs in unintended organs. This work emphasises the importance of nano lipid carriers, which are lipophilic and biocompatible and have demonstrated exceptional targeting efficiency, making them an ideal carrier system for delivering medications to the brain.

OBJECTIVE: The US Food and Drug Administration authorized lecanemab for the therapeutic use of Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) in January 2023. To assess the effectiveness and safety of lecanemab in treating AD, we thoroughly examined the studies that are currently accessible.
METHODS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis recommendations were followed. In order to find relevant studies on lecanemab, we carried out a thorough literature search utilizing the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Scopus. Excluding any research using experimental animals, we looked at lecanemab\'s effectiveness and side effects in treating AD in human clinical trials. Three randomized controlled studies were included.
RESULTS: According to studies, lecanemab lessens clinical deterioration and reduces brain amyloid-beta plaques (difference,.45; 95% confidence interval,.67 to.23; p < .001). Participants who received lecanemab saw a greater frequency of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA)-H (17.3% vs. 9.0%) and ARIA-E (12.6% vs. 1.7%), which is a significant adverse outcome.
CONCLUSIONS: Lecanemab has been shown to have an impact on the two primary pathophysiologic indicators of AD (Aβ and tau). There are still a lot of unresolved issues related to lecanemab. Future research on the effectiveness and safety of lecanemab is advised in order to determine that the advantages of this medication exceed the disadvantages.

Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer\'s, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a formidable challenge in delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system. Ultrasound-mediated BBB disruption has emerged as a promising non-invasive technique to enhance drug delivery to the brain. This manuscript reviews fundamental principles of ultrasound-based techniques and their mechanisms of action in temporarily permeabilizing the BBB. Clinical trials employing ultrasound for BBB disruption are discussed, summarizing diverse applications ranging from the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases to targeted drug delivery for brain tumors. The review also addresses safety considerations, outlining the current understanding of potential risks and mitigation strategies associated with ultrasound exposure, including real-time monitoring and assessment of treatment efficacy. Among the large number of studies, significant successes are highlighted thus providing perspective on the future direction of the field.

BACKGROUND: The increasing global incidence rate of dementia and associated co/multimorbidity has consequently led to a rise in the number of people with dementia (PwD) requiring clinical radiography care services. This review aims to explore and integrate findings from diverse settings with a focus on the experiences of PwD and stakeholders, towards the development of a holistic approach for dementia care and management within the context of radiography services.
METHODS: An electronic search was performed across the following databases: PUBMED, CINAHL, Medline, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect for articles published from January 2009 and June 2023. Articles were included if they fulfilled a predefined criteria mainly focused on experiences of PwD and/or other stakeholders when using the radiography services. Data obtained from the included studies were analysed using a result-based convergent synthesis.
RESULTS: Eleven studies from diverse settings met the inclusion criteria. A mix of both positive and negative experiences of PwD and stakeholders were reported following visits to radiology and radiotherapy departments were highlighted across settings. The findings were themed around the need for: person-centred care, effective communication, attitudinal changes of staff, specialised and improved clinical environment and inclusion of caregivers for the care of PwD.
CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasise the critical importance of adopting holistic approaches to caring for PwD. This involves adopting a person-centred approach, actively involving caregivers, effective communication, and adequate training for radiographers to provide quality services, all in dementia-friendly environments.
CONCLUSIONS: The experiences of various stakeholders highlight the need for a more holistic approach and strategy for the care and management of PwD within the context of the radiography services. This calls for an urgent need for a comprehensive strategy that includes awareness creation of staff to enhance the quality of care and the overall experience for PwD using the radiography services.

Neuronal death, decreased activity or dysfunction of neurotransmitters are some of the pathophysiological reasons for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer\'s, Parkinson\'s and multiple sclerosis. Also, there is evidence for the role of infections and infectious agents in neurodegenerative diseases and the effect of some metabolites in microorganisms in the pathophysiology of these diseases. In this study, we intend to evaluate the existing studies on the role of infectious agents and their metabolites on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science search engines were searched. Some infectious agents have been observed in neurodegenerative diseases. Also, isolations of some fungi and microalgae have an improving effect on Parkinson\'s and Alzheimer\'s.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a neurological disease that causes memory loss over time. Current therapies are limited and frequently inadequate. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrosis, anti-remodeling and tissue-protective qualities that may be effective in treatment of different diseases, including AD. Because of nanoparticles\' high surface area, they can enhance solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and diminish toxicities. Besides, lipid nanoparticles have a high binding affinity that can enhance the rate of drug transport across BBB. So, EGCG nanoparticles represent a promising treatment for AD.
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review sought to assess the efficacy of EGCG nanoparticles against AD in rat/mouse models.
METHODS: Study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO. Electronic databases were searched to discover relevant studies published up to October 2022.
RESULTS: Two studies met the inclusion criteria out of 1338 and were included in this systematic review. Collectively, the results indicate that EGCG has a significant potential for reducing AD pathology and improving cognitive deficits in rat/mouse models. The formulated particles were in the nanometer range, as indicated by TEM, with good particle size control and stability. EGCG nanoparticles showed superior pharmacokinetic characteristics and improved blood-brain barrier permeability, and increased brain bioavailability compared to free EGCG. Additionally, nanoEGCG were more effective in modulating oxidative stress than free formulation and decreased AChE in the cortex and hippocampus of AlCl3-treated rats.
CONCLUSIONS: This systematic analysis of the two studies included showed that EGCG nanoparticles are efficacious as a potential therapeutic intervention for AD in rat/mouse models. However, limited number of studies found indicates insufficient data in this research point that requires further investigation by experimental studies.

BACKGROUND: Two classes of medications are used to treat Alzheimer\'s disease (AD); donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and memantine is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Although these are typically taken orally, there are transdermal therapeutic systems (TTSs) commercially available for rivastigmine and donepezil. The transdermal route has been preferable for guardians/caregivers due to ease of use, reduced side effects, and improved adherence to therapy.
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to obtain knowledge of the properties of these drugs and to search for patents relating to the TTS for AD using the Espacenet platform.
METHODS: The search terms were \"rivastigmine AND transdermal AND skin delivery AND Alzheimer\'s\", changing the drugs \"memantine\", \"donepezil\", and \"galantamine\", between January 2015 and January 2022. Title and abstract were used to choose patents.
RESULTS: TTSs present some limit factors in terms of absorption due to skin physiology and the size of the molecules with established limits of percutaneous penetration (molecular mass of 500 g/mol and log P of 5). We found 1, 4, 4, and 2 patents for galantamine, rivastigmine, donepezil, and memantine, respectively. Galantamine TTS seems to be more challenging due to the molecular mass of 287.35 g/mol and logP of 1.8. The permeator of absorption is necessary. Memantine, rivastigmine, and donepezil present logP of 3.28, 2.3, and 4.27 and molecular weights of 179.30, 250.34, and 415.96 g/mol, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: TTSs are primarily effective for delivering small molecules. The use of absorption enhancers and irritation mitigators can be necessary to enhance the performance. The development of these technologies is essential for the convenience of patients and caregivers.

Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) have increased rates of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) is the first-line treatment for OSA and may have potential benefits for slowing cognitive decline in these individuals. However, adherence is low in PAP users overall and those with cognitive impairment may have unique challenges. Furthermore, there has been little systematic study of the use of PAP or strategies to enhance PAP adherence among those with AD or MCI. The aim of this review is to examine existing observational, quasi-experimental and experimental studies of the effects of PAP on cognitive function. In addition, our goal was to gather evidence about the adherence rates, and support for PAP among adults with MCI and mild to moderate AD. Through searches of electronic databases (University of Utah Library, SAGE Publishing, PubMed, Wiley, EBSCO, Science Direct, ProQuest, and NCBI), we identified 11 articles that fit our study inclusion criteria. Synthesis of data was performed with a focus on cognitive outcomes of PAP interventions and adherence. Findings from the studies showed that multiple indices of memory improved with PAP use. Adherence in MCI and AD populations was largely comparable to adherence reported in general adult populations, but more research is needed to optimize systems for providing support for PAP users and caregivers. Results support PAP as a promising intervention in this population but more research is needed to make definitive conclusions about the relationship between PAP use and improved cognitive function. Furthermore, research is needed to determine if additional interventions are needed to support patients and caregivers.

Most neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\'s and Parkinson\'s are life-threatening, critical, and incurable affecting mainly the elderly population. Early diagnosis is challenging as disease phenotype is very crucial for predicting, preventing the progression, and effective drug discovery. In the last few years, Deep learning (DL) based neural networks are the state-of-the-art models deployed in industries and academics across different areas like natural language processing, image analysis, speech recognition, audio classification, and many more. It has been slowly realized that they have a high potential in medical image analysis and diagnostics and medical management in general. As this field is vast and expanding rapidly, we have put focused on existing DL-based models to detect Alzheimer\'s and Parkinson\'s in particular. This study gives a summary of related medical examinations for these diseases. Frameworks and applications of many deep learning models have been discussed. We have given precise notes on pre-processing techniques used by various studies for MRI image analysis. An overview of the application of DL-based models in different stages of medical image analysis has been conferred. It has been realized from the review that more studies are focused on Alzheimer\'s compared to Parkinson\'s disease. Additionally, we have tabulated the various public datasets available for these diseases. We have highlighted the potential use of a novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of these disorders. Also, some challenges and issues in implementing deep learning techniques for the detection of these diseases have been addressed. Finally, we concluded with some directions for future research regarding deep learning in the diagnosis of these diseases.