Cold environments characterised by diverse temperatures close to or below the water freezing point dominate about 80% of the Earth\'s biosphere. One of the survival strategies adopted by microorganisms living in cold environments is their expression of cold-active enzymes that enable them to perform an efficient metabolic flux at low temperatures necessary to thrive and reproduce under those constraints. Cold-active enzymes are ideal biocatalysts that can reduce the need for heating procedures and improve industrial processes\' quality, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Despite their wide applications, their industrial usage is still limited, and the major contributing factor is the lack of complete understanding of their structure and cold adaptation mechanisms. The current review looked at the recombinant overexpression, purification, and recent mechanism of cold adaptation, various approaches for purification, and three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure elucidation of cold-active lipases and esterase.

Owing to their excellent biocompatibility and corrosion-resistant properties, titanium (Ti) (and its alloy) are essential artificial substitute biomaterials for orthopedics. However, flaws, such as weak osteogenic induction ability and higher Young\'s modulus, have been observed during clinical application. As a result, short- and long-term postoperative follow-up has found that several complications have occurred. For decades, scientists have exerted efforts to compensate for these deficiencies. Different modification methods have been investigated, including changing alloy contents, surface structure transformation, three-dimensional (3D) structure transformation, coating, and surface functionalization technologies. The cell-surface interaction effect and imitation of the natural 3D bone structure are the two main mechanisms of these improved methods. In recent years, significant progress has been made in materials science research methods, including thorough research of titanium alloys of different compositions, precise surface pattern control technology, controllable 3D structure construction technology, improvement of coating technologies, and novel concepts of surface functionalization. These improvements facilitate the possibility for further research in the field of bone tissue engineering. Although the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood, these studies still have some implications for clinical practice. Therefore, for the direction of further research, it is beneficial to summarize these studies according to the basal method used. This literature review aimed to classify these technologies, thereby providing beginners with a preliminary understanding of the field.

Soybean is one of the most important sources of plant protein and is known for its wide range of agricultural, food, and industrial applications as well as health benefits. Interest in soybean proteins has been steadily growing as progressively more applications and benefits are discovered. This review article is focused on the major seed storage proteins of soybean, their three-dimensional structures, their nutritional importance and bioactive peptides, cellular synthesis, and accumulation in seeds. This will also summarize past efforts in the recombinant production of foreign proteins or bioactive peptides in soybean seed.

The tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is so-called \'functional\' rather than organic. And therefore, it was originally thought that in most patients with secondary TR, surgical treatment of the left side heart valve would correct the problems of the TR. However, in recent study, the residual or recurrent TR showed poor prognosis after the surgery and the tricuspid valve is called \'forgotten\' valve. The anatomy and pathophysiology of the tricuspid valve are shown as three-dimensional structure which is different from the \"saddle-shaped\" mitral annulus, and the finding suggests that an annuloplasty for TR is different from that for mitral regurgitation. The indication of tricuspid annuloplasty (TAP) for TR is not only the degree of TR but also annular dilatation without TR at the time of surgery. Tricuspid annuloplasty shows better long-term results after surgery than replacement and additional procedure may be required to prevent recurrence of TR after TAP. In this review, indication, the therapeutic procedures and prognosis depend on surgical procedure with or without ring or additional procedures are reviewed.