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Abstract：
BackgroundThere are differences between males and females for most diseases both for exposure and course of illness, including outcome. These differences can be related to biological sex or gender i.e. socio-cultural factors that may impact exposure and healthcare access.AimWe aimed to quantify differences between males and females in infectious disease notifications in Europe and identify countries with these differences significantly different from the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) average.MethodsNotifiable infectious disease surveillance data are reported by EU/EEA countries to ECDC. We retrieved surveillance data for 2012-2021. Using a cut-off median of annual disability-adjusted life years above 1 per 100,000 population, we included 16 infectious diseases. We calculated median male proportion and interquartile range by disease, year, country and age group and used boxplots to identify outliers.ResultsFor campylobacteriosis, acute hepatitis B, Legionnaires\' disease, malaria and HIV and AIDS, all countries had male proportion above 50%. Most countries had a male proportion below 50% for pertussis (25/28 countries), STEC infection (21/28 countries) and Chlamydia trachomatis infection (16/24 countries). Chlamydia trachomatis infection and listeriosis showed the greatest dispersion of male proportion across age groups. Most outliers were countries reporting few cases.ConclusionWe observed important differences in male proportion across infectious disease notifications in EU/EEA countries. For some diseases with high male proportions in all countries, such as HIV and hepatitis B, behaviours play a role in disease transmission. Screening offered to specific populations may explain differences across countries for example for C. trachomatis infection.
摘要：
背景对于大多数疾病，男性和女性在暴露和病程方面都存在差异，包括结果。这些差异可能与生物性别或性别有关，即可能影响暴露和医疗服务的社会文化因素。AimWe旨在量化欧洲传染病通知中男性和女性之间的差异，并确定这些差异与欧盟和欧洲经济区（EU/EEA）平均水平显着不同的国家。方法欧盟/欧洲经济区国家向ECDC报告法定传染病监测数据。我们检索了2012-2021年的监测数据。使用每100,000人口中超过1个的年度残疾调整寿命年的截止中位数，我们纳入了16种传染病。我们按疾病计算了男性比例和四分位数的中位数，Year,国家和年龄组，并使用箱线图来识别异常值。结果对于弯曲杆菌病，急性乙型肝炎,军团病,疟疾、艾滋病毒和艾滋病，所有国家的男性比例都在50%以上。大多数国家的男性百日咳比例低于50％（25/28个国家），STEC感染（21/28国家）和沙眼衣原体感染（16/24国家）。沙眼衣原体感染和李斯特菌病在各年龄段的男性比例分布最大。大多数异常值是报告病例很少的国家。结论我们观察到欧盟/欧洲经济区国家在传染病通知中男性比例的重要差异。对于所有国家男性比例高的一些疾病，如艾滋病毒和乙型肝炎，行为在疾病传播中起作用。为特定人群提供的筛查可以解释各国之间的差异，例如沙眼衣原体感染。
