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Abstract：
Background: Malnutrition has important short- and long-term consequences in children under age five. Malnutrition encompasses undernutrition, overnutrition, and the coexistence of both of them, known as the double burden of malnutrition (DBM). Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and the DBM among these children at the national level and by living area in Panama. Methods: Data from the National Health Survey of Panama (ENSPA, Spanish acronym), a population-based, cross-sectional study carried out in 2019 were used. Stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity were defined according to the cut-off points of the World Health Organization Growth Standards. Undernutrition was defined as being stunted only, wasted only or both; overnutrition was defined as being overweight only or obese only; and the DBM was defined as the co-occurence of stunting and overweight/obesity in the same child. Prevalence and general characteristics at the national level and by living area were weighted. Findings: The prevalence of undernutrition was 15.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.4-17.3) at the national level and 36.6% (CI: 30.1-43.5) in indigenous areas. The prevalence of overnutrition was 10.2% (8.2-12.6) at the national level and 11.9% (CI: 8.5-16.3), 8.4% (CI: 6.5-10.7) and 8.7% (CI: 5.2-14.3) in urban, rural and indigenous areas, respectively. The DBM prevalence was 1.4% (CI: 1.0-2.1) at the national level and 2.7% (CI: 1.4-5.1) in indigenous areas. Conclusions: Undernutrition is still the most prevalent malnutrition condition in our country. Panama has the highest prevalence of overnutrition in Central America. The highest prevalence of undernutrition and DBM was found among children living in indigenous areas.
摘要：
背景：营养不良对5岁以下儿童有重要的短期和长期影响。营养不良包括营养不良，营养过剩,两者共存，被称为营养不良的双重负担(DBM)。目的：本研究的目的是估计营养不良的患病率，营养过剩,在国家一级和巴拿马的居住区，这些儿童中的DBM。方法：数据来自巴拿马国家健康调查(ENSPA，西班牙语首字母缩写)，以人口为基础，使用2019年进行的横断面研究。发育迟缓,浪费,超重,肥胖是根据世界卫生组织增长标准的分界点定义的。营养不良被定义为仅发育迟缓，仅浪费或两者兼有；营养过剩被定义为仅超重或仅肥胖；DBM被定义为同一孩子发育迟缓和超重/肥胖的共存。对国家一级和居住面积的患病率和一般特征进行了加权。研究结果：在全国范围内，营养不良的患病率为15.3％（95％置信区间（CI）13.4-17.3），在土著地区为36.6％（CI：30.1-43.5）。在全国范围内，营养过剩的患病率为10.2％（8.2-12.6），为11.9％（CI：8.5-16.3），8.4%(CI:6.5-10.7)和8.7%(CI:5.2-14.3)在城市，农村和土著地区，分别。全国DBM患病率为1.4％（CI：1.0-2.1），土著地区为2.7％（CI：1.4-5.1）。结论:营养不足仍然是我国最普遍的营养不良状况。巴拿马是中美洲营养过剩患病率最高的国家。在土著地区的儿童中，营养不良和DBM的患病率最高。
