Abstract：
Four experiments examined human ratings of causal effectiveness, and ability to detect causal relationships, in a nonverbal paradigm. Participants responded on a concurrent random interval, extinction schedule. In the presence of one stimulus, responses produced an outcome (triangle flash); in the presence of the other stimulus, they did not. Following making a judgment of causal effectiveness, two further stimuli were presented simultaneously with one another, and participants had to select one depending on which of the previous two stimuli were associated with effective responses. In all experiments, immediate outcomes were associated with higher causal ratings and better causal detection than outcomes delayed by 3 s. A signal inserted between response and outcome improved ratings and detection (Experiments 2 and 4), even when it was contiguous with the response but not the outcome (Experiments 2 and 3). Stimuli associated with both components (marking cues) did not impact judgments or detection (Experiment 3). Stimuli signaling the availability of an outcome if a response was made (signaled reinforcement) did not improve causal judgments, but did improve detection of stimuli associated with the outcome (Experiment 4). Responses during the delay interfered with detection of the actual relationship when delays were unsignaled (Experiments 1-4), but not with fully or briefly signaled delays (Experiments 2-4), or with signaled reinforcement (Experiment 4). The results suggest a delay stimulus serves to signal the response has been successful and demark the delay period by serving a discriminative function. These findings mirror those seen in nonhuman conditioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
摘要：
四个实验检查了人类对因果有效性的评价，以及检测因果关系的能力，在非语言范式中。参与者以并发随机间隔做出回应，灭绝时间表。在有一个刺激的情况下，反应产生了结果(三角闪光)；在其他刺激存在的情况下，他们没有。在做出因果有效性判断后，两个进一步的刺激同时出现，参与者必须根据前两种刺激中的哪一种与有效反应相关来选择一种刺激。在所有的实验中,与延迟3s的结果相比，直接结果与更高的因果评级和更好的因果检测相关。在反应和结果之间插入的信号改善了评级和检测（实验2和4），即使它是连续的反应，但不是结果（实验2和3）。与两种成分（标记提示）相关的刺激不会影响判断或检测（实验3）。如果做出反应（信号强化），则刺激信号传递结果的可用性并不能改善因果判断，但确实改善了与结果相关的刺激的检测（实验4）。延迟期间的响应在延迟未发信号时干扰实际关系的检测(实验1-4),但没有完全或短暂的信号延迟（实验2-4），或带有信号强化(实验4)。结果表明，延迟刺激用于表明响应已成功，并通过提供判别功能来区分延迟周期。这些发现反映了在非人类条件下看到的那些。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2024APA，保留所有权利)。
