Abstract：
In the past, research on the cognitive neural mechanism of second language (L2) learners\' processing time information has focused on Indo-European languages. It has also focused on the temporal category expressed by morphological changes. However, there has been a lack of research on L2 learners\' various time coding means, especially for Mandarin, which lacks morphological changes. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the cognitive neural mechanism of L2 learners with native Indonesian background in processing two time coding means (time adverbs and aspect markers) in Chinese. Indonesian has time adverb encoding time information similar to that of Chinese, but there are no aspect markers similar to Chinese in Indonesian. We measured ERPs time locked to the time adverb \" (cengjing)\" and the aspect marker \"verb + (verb + guo)\" in two different conditions, i.e., a control condition (the correct sentence) and a temporal information violation. The experimental results showed that the native speaker group induced the biphasic N400-P600 effect under the condition of time adverb violation, and induced P600 under the condition of the aspect marker \"verb + (verb + guo)\" violation. Indonesian L2 learners of Chinese only elicited P600 for the violation of time adverbs, and there was no statistically significant N400 similar to that of Chinese native speakers. In the case of aspect marker violation, we observed no significant ERPs component for the Indonesian L2 learners of Chinese. Both groups of subjects induced elicited a widely distributed and sustained negativity on the post-critical words after \"verb + (verb + guo)\" and \"(cengjing)\". This showed that the neural mechanism of Indonesian L2 learners of Chinese processing Chinese time coding differs from that of Chinese native speakers.
摘要：
在过去,对第二语言（L2）学习者处理时间信息的认知神经机制的研究集中在印欧语系语言上。它还专注于形态变化所表达的时间类别。然而,一直缺乏对二语学习者的各种时间编码手段的研究，尤其是普通话，缺乏形态变化。使用事件相关电位（ERP），我们研究了具有印尼本土背景的二语学习者在处理汉语两种时间编码手段（时间副词和方面标记）时的认知神经机制。印尼语有时间副词编码与中文相似的时间信息，但是在印尼语中没有类似中文的方面标记。我们在两个不同的条件下测量了锁定在时间副词“(cengjing)”和方面标记“动词+(动词+guo)”的ERP时间，即，控制条件(正确的句子)和时间信息违规。实验结果表明,在时间副词违反条件下,母语者群体诱发了双相N400-P600效应,并在方面标记\“动词+(动词+国)\”违反的情况下诱发P600。印尼汉语二语学习者仅引发P600违反时间副词，与中国母语人士相似的N400没有统计学意义。在违反方面标记的情况下，我们观察到印度尼西亚二语汉语学习者没有显著的ERP成分。两组受试者在“动词（动词郭）”和“（cengjing）”之后的批评后单词上都引起了广泛分布和持续的否定。这表明，印尼二语汉语学习者处理汉语时间编码的神经机制与汉语母语者不同。
