Abstract：
The ability of the land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to examine land surface change is regarded as an important climate variable. However, no significant systematic examination of urbanization concerning environmental variables has been undertaken in the narrow valley of Thimphu, Bhutan. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics on LST, NDVI, and elevation, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data collected in Thimphu, Bhutan, from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that LSTs varied substantially among different land use types, with the highest occurring in built-up areas and the lowest occurring in forests. There was a strong negative linear correlation between the LST and NDVI in built-up areas, indicating the impact of anthropogenic activities. Moreover, elevation had a noticeable effect on the LST and NDVI, which exhibited very strong opposite patterns at lower elevations. In summary, LULC dynamics significantly influence LST and NDVI, highlighting the importance of understanding spatiotemporal patterns and their effects on ecological processes for effective land management and environmental conservation. Moreover, this study also demonstrated the applicability of relatively low-cost, moderate spatial resolution satellite imagery for examining the impact of urban development on the urban environment in Thimphu city.
摘要：
地表温度（LST）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）检查地表变化的能力被认为是重要的气候变量。然而,在廷布狭窄的山谷中，没有对城市化进行有关环境变量的重要系统检查，不丹.因此,这项研究调查了土地利用/土地覆盖(LULC)动态对LST的影响，NDVI,和海拔，使用在廷布中收集的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）数据，不丹,从2000年到2020年。结果表明，LSTs在不同土地利用类型之间差异很大，最高的是建成区，最低的是森林。建成区的LST和NDVI之间存在很强的负线性相关关系，表明人为活动的影响。此外，海拔对LST和NDVI有明显的影响，在较低海拔表现出非常强烈的相反模式。总之,LULC动力学显著影响LST和NDVI，强调了解时空模式及其对生态过程的影响对有效土地管理和环境保护的重要性。此外，这项研究还证明了相对低成本的适用性，中等空间分辨率的卫星图像，用于研究城市发展对廷布市城市环境的影响。
