Abstract：
The \'organizational-activational hypothesis\' posits that the fetal environment has a lasting impact on offspring physical, cognitive, and behavioral phenotype. An established biomarker for human prenatal testosterone exposure is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). While related facial characteristics and their social perceptions have been investigated in young adults, studies focusing on younger or older age groups are scarce. Standardized facial photographs of 17 Austrian boys aged 4 to 11 years were each rated by 162 adults in Austria (78 female, 84 male) for masculinity, dominance, physical strength, maturity, independence, cuteness, and prettiness. Following high interrater agreement (Cronbach\'s alphas >0.96), average ratings per face were subjected to a principal component analysis. The first principal component (52 % var. expl.) correlated positively with the boys\' age (r = 0.685), whereas the second principal component (37 % var. expl.) reflected organizational effects of prenatal androgen exposure (i.e. androgenization), as shown by a negative correlation with the boys\' 2D:4D (r = -0.487). Geometric morphometrics was employed to extract the facial shapes corresponding to these two principal components. Overall, adults consistently attributed masculinity in line with prenatal testosterone exposure, whereby masculinity was assessed as neither pretty nor cute. In contrast to findings within adults, boys\' face ratings of dominance and physical strength did not correspond with their masculinity assessments, but rather with the social attributions reflecting age-related developmental progress (maturity and independence). This adds an ontogenetic layer of complexity. Prenatal testosterone exposure influences the development of boys\' facial features, which in turn even shape social stereotypes in adults.
摘要：
“组织激活假说”认为胎儿环境对后代的身体有持久的影响，认知，和行为表型。人类产前睾酮暴露的已建立的生物标志物是第二至第四数字比率(2D:4D)。虽然相关的面部特征和他们的社会观念已经在年轻人中进行了调查，针对年轻或老年群体的研究很少。17名年龄在4至11岁之间的奥地利男孩的标准化面部照片均由奥地利162名成年人（78名女性，84男性)男性气概，支配地位,体力,成熟，独立性,可爱，和漂亮。遵循高评价者协议(克朗巴赫的阿尔法>0.96)，每个面部的平均评分进行主成分分析。第一主成分(52%var。expl.)与男孩年龄呈正相关(r=0.685)，而第二主成分(37%var。expl.)反映了产前雄激素暴露(即雄激素化)的组织效应，与男孩2D：4D呈负相关（r=-0.487）。采用几何形态计量学来提取与这两个主成分相对应的面部形状。总的来说,成年人一贯将男性气质归因于产前睾酮暴露，阳刚之气被认为既不漂亮也不可爱。与成年人的发现相反，男孩的优势和体力的面部评级与他们的男性气质评估不一致，而是反映与年龄相关的发展进步(成熟和独立)的社会归因。这增加了个体发育的复杂性。产前睾酮暴露会影响男孩面部特征的发育，这反过来甚至塑造了成年人的社会刻板印象。
