Abstract：
The history behind the biological, mechanistic, and clinical insights into concussion provides awareness of the current understanding and future areas for study. Although the initial description of concussion appeared in the 10th century, the potential long-term structural consequences were first defined by Harrison Martland, M.D., who performed a postmortem study of former boxers in 1928. He found evidence of perivascular microhemorrhage that he believed eventually evolved into a \"replacement gliosis\" underlying a clinical syndrome that he named \"punch drunk,\" which was characterized by acute confusion with chronic cognitive and physical symptoms developing in those with prolonged exposure. Further research into the potential long-term consequences of repetitive concussions, particularly in athletics and the military, led to an understanding of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. To ameliorate possible long-term risks, research has been focused on preventative and therapeutic measures for concussion. In this review article, the authors present the history of concussion and the long-term sequelae of repeated head injury. Specifically, they consider how the understanding of concussion has evolved from antiquity into the modern era, and how this change in understanding of head injury has led to an appreciation of the fact that its long-term implications sometimes manifest as the clinical and histopathological entity of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
摘要：
生物背后的历史，机械学,对脑震荡的临床见解提供了对当前理解和未来研究领域的认识。尽管脑震荡的最初描述出现在10世纪，潜在的长期结构后果首先由HarrisonMartland定义，M.D.,他在1928年对前拳击手进行了验尸研究。他发现了血管周围微出血的证据，他认为这些证据最终演变成一种“替代胶质增生”，这是一种临床综合征的基础，他将其命名为“潘趣醉”，“其特征是在长期接触的人中出现急性混乱，慢性认知和身体症状。进一步研究重复性脑震荡的潜在长期后果，特别是在体育和军事领域，导致了对慢性创伤性脑病的了解。为了改善可能的长期风险，研究一直集中在脑震荡的预防和治疗措施上。在这篇评论文章中，作者介绍了脑震荡的历史和反复颅脑损伤的长期后遗症。具体来说,他们考虑对脑震荡的理解是如何从古代发展到现代的，以及对颅脑损伤理解的这种变化如何使人们认识到，其长期影响有时表现为慢性创伤性脑病的临床和组织病理学实体。
