Abstract：
BACKGROUND: In confined waters, ships run a high risk of groundings, contact, sinkings and near misses. In such waters the maritime traffic is dense, the waterway is narrow, the depth is limited, and tides and currents are constantly changing.
METHODS: From 2009-2019, 75 accidents were investigated in the estuary of the Seine. Weather conditions and perceived fatigue were studied. From May to June 2020, 114 seafarers, 34 pilots and 80 captains, responded to a questionnaire focusing on the use of Pilot Portable Units (PPU) and Electronic Chart Display Information Systems (ECDIS).
RESULTS: The 75 accidents corresponded to an average of 6.8 ± 3.2 accidents per year. Groundings were the most frequent accidents (35%, n = 26) followed by contact accidents with the quayside (25%, n = 19), between ships or tugs while manoeuvring (8%, n = 6) or while sailing (1%, n = 1). There was no loss of vessels nor fatalities of crew members. In poor weather conditions, there were 76% more accidents than in normal conditions (4.4 ± 2.5 accidents/10,000 movements versus 2.5 ± 1.9 accidents/10,000 movements, p < 0.03). Almost all the accidents (96%) were related to human errors of judgment (81%), or negligence (53%), or both (39). Perceived fatigue was probably in cause in 6 accidents. Only 3 accidents were related to mechanical causes. Through the questionnaires, 69% of the pilots complained of difficulties in mastering the devices and software. They felt distracted by alarms which affected their attention while navigating. They requested training on a simulator. Concerning ship captains, 83% felt comfortable with ECDIS devices yet only 20% were able to configure the ECDIS correctly.
CONCLUSIONS: In the Seine estuary, 75 accidents occurred within the 11 year-study. Risk factors were poor weather conditions and human error. PPU and ECDIS were considered as useful tools in the prevention of accidents. However, pilots and captains requested more thorough training in their use.
METHODS: From 2009-2019, 75 accidents were investigated in the estuary of the Seine. Weather conditions and perceived fatigue were studied. From May to June 2020, 114 seafarers, 34 pilots and 80 captains, responded to a questionnaire focusing on the use of Pilot Portable Units (PPU) and Electronic Chart Display Information Systems (ECDIS).
RESULTS: The 75 accidents corresponded to an average of 6.8 ± 3.2 accidents per year. Groundings were the most frequent accidents (35%, n = 26) followed by contact accidents with the quayside (25%, n = 19), between ships or tugs while manoeuvring (8%, n = 6) or while sailing (1%, n = 1). There was no loss of vessels nor fatalities of crew members. In poor weather conditions, there were 76% more accidents than in normal conditions (4.4 ± 2.5 accidents/10,000 movements versus 2.5 ± 1.9 accidents/10,000 movements, p < 0.03). Almost all the accidents (96%) were related to human errors of judgment (81%), or negligence (53%), or both (39). Perceived fatigue was probably in cause in 6 accidents. Only 3 accidents were related to mechanical causes. Through the questionnaires, 69% of the pilots complained of difficulties in mastering the devices and software. They felt distracted by alarms which affected their attention while navigating. They requested training on a simulator. Concerning ship captains, 83% felt comfortable with ECDIS devices yet only 20% were able to configure the ECDIS correctly.
CONCLUSIONS: In the Seine estuary, 75 accidents occurred within the 11 year-study. Risk factors were poor weather conditions and human error. PPU and ECDIS were considered as useful tools in the prevention of accidents. However, pilots and captains requested more thorough training in their use.
摘要：
背景：在密闭水域，船只有很高的着陆风险，联系人,沉没和险些失踪。在这样的水域，海上交通密集，水道狭窄，深度有限,潮汐和水流不断变化。
方法：从2009年至2019年，在塞纳河河口调查了75起事故。研究了天气条件和感知的疲劳。2020年5月至6月，114名海员，34名飞行员和80名机长,答复了一份调查问卷，重点是使用试点便携式设备（PPU）和电子海图显示信息系统（ECDIS）。
结果：75起事故相当于每年平均6.8±3.2起事故。环境是最常见的事故(35%，n=26)其次是与码头的接触事故(25%，n=19),操纵时在船只或拖船之间(8%，n=6)或航行时(1%，n=1)。没有船只损失，也没有船员死亡。在恶劣的天气条件下，事故比正常情况下多76%(4.4±2.5事故/10,000运动与2.5±1.9事故/10,000运动，p<0.03)。几乎所有的事故(96%)都与人为判断失误(81%)有关,或疏忽(53%)，或两者（39）。感觉疲劳可能是6起事故的原因。只有3起事故与机械原因有关。通过问卷调查,69％的飞行员抱怨在掌握设备和软件方面存在困难。他们在导航时被影响注意力的警报分散了注意力。他们要求在模拟器上训练。关于船长，83％的人对ECDIS设备感到满意，但只有20％的人能够正确配置ECDIS。
结论：在塞纳河河口，在11年的研究中发生了75起事故。危险因素是恶劣的天气条件和人为错误。PPU和ECDIS被认为是预防事故的有用工具。然而,飞行员和机长要求对他们的使用进行更彻底的培训。
方法：从2009年至2019年，在塞纳河河口调查了75起事故。研究了天气条件和感知的疲劳。2020年5月至6月，114名海员，34名飞行员和80名机长,答复了一份调查问卷，重点是使用试点便携式设备（PPU）和电子海图显示信息系统（ECDIS）。
结果：75起事故相当于每年平均6.8±3.2起事故。环境是最常见的事故(35%，n=26)其次是与码头的接触事故(25%，n=19),操纵时在船只或拖船之间(8%，n=6)或航行时(1%，n=1)。没有船只损失，也没有船员死亡。在恶劣的天气条件下，事故比正常情况下多76%(4.4±2.5事故/10,000运动与2.5±1.9事故/10,000运动，p<0.03)。几乎所有的事故(96%)都与人为判断失误(81%)有关,或疏忽(53%)，或两者（39）。感觉疲劳可能是6起事故的原因。只有3起事故与机械原因有关。通过问卷调查,69％的飞行员抱怨在掌握设备和软件方面存在困难。他们在导航时被影响注意力的警报分散了注意力。他们要求在模拟器上训练。关于船长，83％的人对ECDIS设备感到满意，但只有20％的人能够正确配置ECDIS。
结论：在塞纳河河口，在11年的研究中发生了75起事故。危险因素是恶劣的天气条件和人为错误。PPU和ECDIS被认为是预防事故的有用工具。然而,飞行员和机长要求对他们的使用进行更彻底的培训。
