PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The Philippines are central to understanding the expansion of the Austronesian language family from its homeland in Taiwan. It remains unknown to what extent the distribution of Malayo-Polynesian languages has been shaped by back migrations and language leveling events following the initial Out-of-Taiwan expansion. Other aspects of language history, including the effect of language switching from non-Austronesian languages, also remain poorly understood. Here we apply Bayesian phylogenetic methods to a core-vocabulary dataset of Philippine languages. Our analysis strongly supports a sister group relationship between the Sangiric and Minahasan groups of northern Sulawesi on one hand, and the rest of the Philippine languages on the other, which is incompatible with a simple North-to-South dispersal from Taiwan. We find a pervasive geographical signal in our results, suggesting a dominant role for cultural diffusion in the evolution of Philippine languages. However, we do find some support for a later migration of Gorontalo-Mongondow languages to northern Sulawesi from the Philippines. Subsequent diffusion processes between languages in Sulawesi appear to have led to conflicting data and a highly unstable phylogenetic position for Gorontalo-Mongondow. In the Philippines, language switching to Austronesian in \'Negrito\' groups appears to have occurred at different time-points throughout the Philippines, and based on our analysis, there is no discernible effect of language switching on the basic vocabulary.
摘要：
菲律宾是了解南岛语系从其祖国台湾扩展的核心。在最初的台湾外扩张之后，由于向后迁移和语言均衡事件，马来语-波利尼西亚语的分布在多大程度上受到了影响，目前尚不清楚。语言历史的其他方面，包括语言从非南岛语转换的影响，也仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们将贝叶斯系统发育方法应用于菲律宾语言的核心词汇数据集。我们的分析一方面强烈支持苏拉威西北部的Sangiric和Minahasan群体之间的姐妹群体关系，其他的菲律宾语言，这与台湾简单的南北分散是不相容的。我们在结果中发现了普遍的地理信号，这表明文化传播在菲律宾语言的演变中起着主导作用。然而,我们确实为后来从菲律宾向苏拉威西北部迁移Gorontalo-Mongondow语言找到了一些支持。苏拉威西语语言之间的后续扩散过程似乎导致了数据冲突和Gorontalo-Mongondow的高度不稳定的系统发育位置。在菲律宾,在“Negrito”组中，语言切换到南岛语族似乎发生在整个菲律宾的不同时间点，根据我们的分析,语言转换对基本词汇没有明显的影响。
