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Abstract：
Growing evidence indicates that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important bioactive compounds that enhance health and developmental outcomes in breastfed babies. Maternal dietary intake likely contributes to variation in HMO composition, but studies identifying diet-HMO relationships are few and inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate how the maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients-specifically proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals-associated with HMOs at 1 month (n = 210), 6 months (n = 131), and 12 months postpartum (n = 84). Several associations between maternal dietary factors and HMO profiles were identified utilizing partial correlation analysis. For example, maternal free sugar (rho = -0.02, p < 0.01), added sugar (rho = -0.22, p < 0.01), and sugary sweetened beverage (rho = -0.22, p < 0.01) intake were negatively correlated with the most abundant HMO, 2\'-fucosyllactose (2\'-FL), at 1 month, suggesting that higher sugar consumption was associated with reduced levels of 2\'-FL. Further, vitamins D, C, K, and the minerals zinc and potassium were positively correlated with 2\'-FL at 1 month (pAll < 0.05). For the longitudinal analysis, a mixed-effects linear regression model revealed significant associations between maternal vitamin intake and HMO profiles over time. For example, for each unit increase in niacin intake, there was a 31.355 nmol/mL increase in 2\'-FL concentration (p = 0.03). Overall, the results provide additional evidence supporting a role for maternal nutrition in shaping HMO profiles, which may inform future intervention strategies with the potential of improving infant growth and development through optimal HMO levels in mothers\' milk.
摘要：
越来越多的证据表明，人乳寡糖（HMO）是重要的生物活性化合物，可增强母乳喂养婴儿的健康和发育结果。母亲的饮食摄入可能会导致HMO成分的变化，但是确定饮食与HMO关系的研究很少且不一致。本研究旨在探讨母体如何摄入大量营养素和微量营养素特异性蛋白质，脂肪，维生素,和1个月时与HMO相关的矿物质（n=210），6个月（n=131），产后12个月（n=84）。利用偏相关分析确定了母体饮食因素与HMO谱之间的几种关联。例如,母体游离糖（rho=-0.02，p<0.01），添加糖（rho=-0.22，p<0.01），含糖饮料(rho=-0.22,p<0.01)的摄入量与HMO含量呈负相关,2'-岩藻糖基乳糖（2'-FL），在1个月，这表明更高的糖消耗与2'-FL水平降低有关。Further,维生素D,C,K,1个月时矿物质锌和钾与2'-FL呈正相关（pAll<0.05）。对于纵向分析，混合效应线性回归模型显示,随着时间的推移,母体维生素摄入量与HMO谱之间存在显著关联.例如,烟酸摄入量每增加一个单位，2'-FL浓度增加31.355nmol/mL（p=0.03）。总的来说,结果提供了额外的证据，支持产妇营养在塑造HMO档案中的作用，这可能为未来的干预策略提供信息，有可能通过母乳中最佳的HMO水平改善婴儿的生长发育。
