Abstract：
Pollutants in human milk are critical for evaluating maternal internal exposure and infant external exposure. However, most studies have focused on a limited range of pollutants. Here, 15 pooled samples (prepared from 467 individual samples) of human milk from three areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China were analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 171 compounds of nine types were preliminarily identified. Among these, 16 compounds, including 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected in human milk for the first time. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified ten area-specific pollutants, including 2-naphthylamine, 9-fluorenone, 2-isopropylthianthrone, and benzo[a]pyrene, among pooled human milk samples from Shanghai (n = 3), Jiangsu Province (n = 6), and Zhejiang Province (n = 6). Risk index (RI) values were calculated and indicated that legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed only 20% of the total RIs for the identified PAHs and derivatives, indicating that more attention should be paid to PAHs with various functional groups. Nine priority pollutants in human milk from the YRD were identified. The most important were 4-tert-amylphenol, caffeine, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, which are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and other health hazards. The results improve our ability to assess the health risks posed by pollutants in human milk.
摘要：
母乳中的污染物对于评估母体内部暴露和婴儿外部暴露至关重要。然而,大多数研究都集中在有限范围的污染物上。这里,通过气相色谱四极杆飞行时间质谱分析了来自中国长江三角洲（YRD）三个地区的15个汇总样品（由467个单独样品制备）的母乳。总的来说,初步鉴定了9种类型的171种化合物。其中,16个化合物,包括2,5-二叔丁基对苯二酚和2-叔丁基-1,4-苯醌，首次在人乳中检测到。偏最小二乘判别分析确定了10种特定区域污染物，包括2-萘胺，9-芴酮,2-异丙基硫酮，和苯并[a]芘，在上海收集的人乳样本中(n=3)，江苏省(n=6),浙江省（n=6）。计算了风险指数（RI）值，表明传统多环芳烃（PAHs）仅占已识别的PAHs和衍生物的总RI的20％。表明应更加关注具有各种功能基团的PAHs。确定了来自YRD的人乳中的九种优先污染物。最重要的是4-叔戊基苯酚,咖啡因,和2,6-二叔丁基对苯醌，与细胞凋亡有关，氧化应激，和其他健康危害。结果提高了我们评估人乳中污染物带来的健康风险的能力。
