Abstract：
The unique properties of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to their extensive use in consumer products, including ski wax. Based on the risks associated with PFAS, and to align with PFAS regulations, the international ski federation (FIS) implemented a ban on products containing \"C8 fluorocarbons/perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)\" at all FIS events from the 2021/2022 season, leading manufactures to shift their formulations towards short-chain PFAS chemistries. To date, most studies characterising PFAS in ski waxes have measured a suite of individual substances using targeted analytical approaches. However, the fraction of total fluorine (TF) in the wax accounted for by these substances remains unclear. In this study, we sought to address this question by applying a multi-platform, fluorine mass balance approach to a total of 10 commercially available ski wax products. Analysis of TF by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) revealed concentrations of 1040-51700 μg F g-1 for the different fluorinated waxes. In comparison, extractable organic fluorine (EOF) determined in methanol extracts by CIC (and later confirmed by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and 19F- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) ranged from 92 to 3160 μg g-1, accounting for only 3-8.8 % of total fluorine (TF). Further characterisation of extracts by cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS) revealed 15 individual PFAS with perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid concentrations up to 33 μg F g-1, and 3 products exceeding the regulatory limit for PFOA (0.025 μg g-1) by a factor of up to 100. The sum of all PFAS accounted for only 0.01-1.0 % of EOF, implying a high percentage of unidentified PFAS, thus, pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to provide evidence of the nature of the non-extractable fluorine present in the ski wax products.
摘要：
全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的独特性能导致其在消费品中的广泛使用，包括滑雪蜡。基于与PFAS相关的风险，并与PFAS法规保持一致，从2021/2022赛季开始，国际滑雪联合会（FIS）在所有FIS赛事中禁止含有“C8碳氟化合物/全氟辛酸酯（PFOA）”的产品，领先的制造商将其配方转向短链PFAS化学。迄今为止,大多数表征滑雪蜡中PFAS的研究都使用有针对性的分析方法测量了一套单独的物质。然而,这些物质占蜡中总氟（TF）的比例尚不清楚。在这项研究中,我们试图通过应用多平台来解决这个问题，氟质量平衡方法共10种市售滑雪蜡产品。通过燃烧离子色谱法（CIC）分析TF，发现不同氟化蜡的浓度为1040-51700μgFg-1。相比之下,通过CIC在甲醇提取物中测定的可萃取有机氟（EOF）（后来通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法和19F-核磁共振波谱法确认）的范围为92至3160μgg-1，仅占3-8.8％总氟（TF）。通过循环离子迁移-质谱（IMS）对提取物进行进一步表征，发现15个PFAS的全氟烷基羧酸浓度高达33μgFg-1，而3个产品超过了PFOA的监管限值（0.025μgg-1）高达100倍。所有PFAS的总和仅占EOF的0.01-1.0%，暗示高比例的身份不明的PFAS，因此，热解气相色谱-质谱法用于提供滑雪蜡产品中存在的不可萃取氟的性质的证据。
