这项研究监测了过程并调查了从不同生物质中获得的堆肥的质量。由名为COMPOSTER的实验室中试工厂堆肥了五种农业食品废物的混合物,旨在优化生物降解,并有效地生产堆肥。复合材料由两个35升近绝热,充气生物反应器,模拟涉及典型的中温-嗜热-中温相序列的工业过程。它持续监测和记录温度,内部压力,和生物量重量,同时控制和量化需氧生物降解产生的氧气消耗和二氧化碳排放。所有堆肥的特征都是它们的主要化学物质,物理,和分子特征,以及它们对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用。lycopersici(FOL),在番茄幼苗上测试。优化的生物降解产生了50-60%的成熟堆肥,每公斤干物质的累积耗氧量为282至456gO2,每小时每kg挥发性固体的峰值为2.55gO2,二氧化碳排放量为初始碳含量的22-36%,具有每小时每千克挥发性固体5.89克CO2的峰值。含有更多木质纤维素成分的混合物显示出较高的产率和较低的CO2排放。最初存在的大部分氮保留在最终的堆肥中;确实,由于碳损失,所有混合物均表现出明显的氮浓度增加。堆肥决定了有机物分子结构的深层修饰。13CCPMAS-NMR和离线热化学分解GC-MS分析强调了多糖和肽部分的分解程度,选择性保存脂肪族和芳香族顽固化合物,和最佳的持续羞辱。所有堆肥都是非植物毒性的,除了包括胡椒作物残留物,都富含植物营养的宏观和微量元素,并被证明对控制FOL病具有积极作用。包含81.2%番茄作物废物的堆肥表现出对番茄的最佳生长性能和病原体控制。成熟,无植物毒性,营养丰富,抑制性堆肥代表了可以在农业中成功回收的有前途的副产品,包括高价值应用,导致化肥和农药使用量减少。
This study monitored the process and investigated the quality of compost obtained from different biomasses. Five blends of agri-food waste were composted by a laboratory pilot plant named COMPOSTER, that is designed to optimize biodegradation, and produce compost efficiently. The COMPOSTER consists of two 35-liter nearly adiabatic, aerated bioreactors that simulate an industrial process involving the typical sequence of mesophilic-thermophilic-mesophilic phases. It continuously monitors and records temperature, internal pressure, and biomass weight, while controlling and quantifying oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from aerobic biodegradation. All composts were characterized for their main chemical, physical, and molecular features, as well as their suppressiveness against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), tested on tomato seedlings. Optimized biodegradation yielded 50-60 % mature compost with a cumulative oxygen consumption ranging from 282 to 456 gO2 per kg of dry matter, with peaks of 2.55 gO2 per kg of volatile solids per hour, and carbon dioxide emissions of 22-36 % of the initial carbon content, with peaks of 5.89 g CO2 per kg of volatile solids per hour. Blends containing more ligno-cellulosic ingredients showed higher yields and lower CO2 emissions. Most of the nitrogen present initially was retained in the final compost; indeed, all mixtures exhibited an apparent nitrogen concentration increase due to carbon loss. Composting determined deep modifications in the molecular structure of the organic matter. 13C CPMAS-NMR and off-line thermochemolysis GC-MS analyses highlighted decomposition degree of polysaccharides and peptidic moieties, selective preservation of aliphatic and aromatic recalcitrant compounds, and optimal ongoing humification. All composts were non-phytotoxic, except for that including pepper crop residues, and all resulted rich in macro- and micro-elements for plant nutrition and proved to be active in controlling FOL disease. Compost comprising 81.2 % tomato crop waste exhibited the best growth performance and pathogen control on tomato. Mature, non-phytotoxic, nutrient-rich, and suppressive composts represent promising by-products that can be successfully recycled in agriculture, including high-value applications, leading to lower use of fertilizers and pesticides.