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Abstract：
The aim of the present study was to assess the drinking water quality in the selected urban areas of Lahore and to comprehend the public health status by addressing the basic drinking water quality parameters. Total 50 tap water samples were collected from groundwater in the two selected areas of district Lahore i.e., Gulshan-e-Ravi (site 1) and Samanabad (site 2). Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory to elucidate physico-chemical parameters including pH, turbidity, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, magnesium hardness, and calcium hardness. These physico-chemical parameters were used to examine the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI) in order to characterize the water quality. Results of th selected physico-chemical parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to determine the quality of drinking water. A GIS-based approach was used for mapping water quality, WQI, and SPI. Results of the present study revealed that the average value of temperature, pH, and DO of both study sites were within the WHO guidelines of 23.5 °C, 7.7, and 6.9 mg/L, respectively. The TDS level of site 1 was 192.56 mg/L (within WHO guidelines) and whereas, in site 2 it was found 612.84 mg/L (higher than WHO guidelines), respectively. Calcium hardness of site 1 and site 2 was observed within the range from 25.04 to 65.732 mg/L but, magnesium hardness values were higher than WHO guidelines. The major reason for poor water quality is old, worn-out water supply pipelines and improper waste disposal in the selected areas. The average WQI was found as 59.66 for site 1 and 77.30 for site 2. Results showed that the quality of the water was classified as \"poor\" for site 1 and \"very poor \" for site 2. There is a need to address the problem of poor water quality and also raise the public awareness about the quality of drinking water and its associated health impacts.
摘要：
本研究的目的是评估拉合尔选定城市地区的饮用水质量，并通过解决基本饮用水质量参数来了解公共卫生状况。从拉合尔地区的两个选定区域的地下水中收集了总共50个自来水样品，即，Gulshan-e-Ravi（站点1）和Samanabad（站点2）。在实验室中分析水样以阐明物理化学参数，包括pH值，浊度,温度,总溶解固体（TDS），电导率(EC)，溶解氧（DO），总硬度,镁硬度，和钙硬度。这些物理化学参数用于检查水质指数（WQI）和合成污染指数（SPI），以表征水质。将选定的理化参数的结果与世界卫生组织（WHO）指南进行比较，以确定饮用水的质量。基于GIS的方法用于绘制水质图，WQI,SPI。本研究的结果表明，温度的平均值，pH值,两个研究地点的DO均在WHO23.5°C的指导范围内，7.7和6.9mg/L，分别。站点1的TDS水平为192.56mg/L（在WHO指南范围内），在站点2中，发现612.84mg/L（高于WHO指南），分别。在25.04至65.732mg/L范围内观察到位置1和位置2的钙硬度，但是，镁硬度值高于WHO指南。水质差的主要原因是陈旧，选定区域的供水管道磨损和废物处置不当。站点1的平均WQI为59.66，站点2的平均WQI为77.30。结果表明，地点1的水质被归类为“差”，地点2的水质被归类为“非常差”。有必要解决水质差的问题，并提高公众对饮用水质量及其相关健康影响的认识。
