Abstract：
Freshwater sports involve a wide range of practices leading to contact with soil and water that can entail exposure to agents of potential infectious diseases. The pathogens can be multiple (bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi), and be either well-known or more unfamiliar and exotic. We conducted a literature review to describe various infections contracted following exposure to water and mud during freshwater sport activities. Out of the 1011 articles identified, 50 were finally included. Our findings encompassed bacterial infections (leptospirosis and gastrointestinal infections); parasitic infections (schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis); viral infections (norovirus and other gastrointestinal viruses; seaweed contamination; and fungal infections. These infections were reported in various countries worldwide among diverse freshwater sport activities, including swimming, surfing, kayaking, as well as extreme sports such as adventure races and mud runs. Water sports in freshwater can expose participants to infectious risks according to geographical location and type of sport. Because regular sport practice is beneficial for health, freshwater sports should not be avoided due to potential exposure to pathogens; that much said, certain precautions should be taken. In addition to adoption of preventive measures, participants should be informed about infectious risks and seek medical advice if symptoms appear after exposure. Current guidelines for assessment of bathing water quality do not suffice to ensure comprehensive evaluation of freshwater quality. Event organizers are called upon to pay close attention to environmental factors and meteorological events, to conduct timely sensitization campaigns, and to enforce appropriate safety measures.
摘要：
淡水运动涉及广泛的做法，导致与土壤和水接触，可能导致暴露于潜在传染病的病原体。病原体可以是多种（细菌，寄生虫,病毒,真菌)，要么是众所周知的，要么是更陌生和异国情调的。我们进行了文献综述，以描述在淡水运动活动中暴露于水和泥浆后感染的各种感染。在确定的1011篇文章中，最后有50人加入。我们的发现包括细菌感染（钩端螺旋体病和胃肠道感染）；寄生虫感染（血吸虫病，宫颈皮炎）；病毒感染（诺如病毒和其他胃肠道病毒；海藻污染；和真菌感染。这些感染是在世界各地的不同淡水体育活动中报告的，包括游泳,冲浪,皮划艇,以及极限运动，如冒险比赛和泥泞跑步。根据地理位置和运动类型，淡水中的水上运动会使参与者面临传染性风险。因为经常运动对健康有益，由于可能接触病原体，不应避免淡水运动；应该采取一些预防措施。除了采取预防措施，参与者应了解感染风险,并在暴露后出现症状时寻求医疗建议.当前评估沐浴水质的指南不足以确保对淡水质量进行全面评估。呼吁活动组织者密切关注环境因素和气象事件，及时开展宣传活动，并采取适当的安全措施。
