Abstract：
Smallpox was a significant cause of mortality for over three thousand years, amounting to 10% of deaths yearly. Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination in 1796, which rapidly became a smallpox infection preventive practice throughout the world and eradicated smallpox infection by 1980. After smallpox eradication, monkeypox vaccines have been used primarily in research and in outbreaks in Africa, where the disease is endemic. In the present, the vaccines are being used for people who work with animals or in high-risk areas, as well as for healthcare workers treating patients with monkeypox. Among all orthopoxviruses (OPXV), monkeypox viral (MPXV) infection occurs mainly in cynomolgus monkeys, natural reservoirs, and occasionally causes severe multi-organ infection in humans, who were the incidental hosts. The first case of the present epidemic of MXPV was identified on May 7, 2022, and rapidly increased the number of cases. In this regard, the WHO declared the outbreak, an international public health emergency on July 23, 2022. The first monkeypox vaccine was developed in the 1960s by the US Army and was based on the vaccinia virus, which is also used in smallpox vaccines. In recent years, newer monkeypox vaccines have been developed based on other viruses such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). These newer vaccines are safer and can provide longer-lasting immunity with fewer side effects. For the future, there is ongoing research to improve the current vaccines and to develop new ones. One notable advance has been the development of a recombinant vaccine that uses a genetically modified vaccinia virus to express monkeypox antigens. This vaccine has shown promising results in pre-clinical trials and is currently undergoing further testing in clinical trials. Another recent development has been the use of a DNA vaccine, which delivers genetic material encoding monkeypox antigens directly into cells. This type of vaccine has shown effectiveness in animal studies and is also undergoing clinical testing in humans. Overall, these recent advances in monkeypox vaccine development hold promise for protecting individuals against this potentially serious disease.
摘要：
天花是三千多年来死亡的重要原因，每年占死亡人数的10%。EdwardJenner于1796年发现了天花疫苗接种，该疫苗迅速成为全世界的天花感染预防措施，并在1980年根除了天花感染。根除天花后,猴痘疫苗主要用于非洲的研究和疫情，这种疾病是地方病。在目前,这些疫苗被用于与动物或高风险地区一起工作的人，以及治疗猴痘患者的医护人员。在所有正痘病毒(OPXV)中，猴痘病毒（MPXV）感染主要发生在食蟹猴，天然水库,偶尔会导致人类严重的多器官感染，谁是偶然的宿主。2022年5月7日发现了目前流行的第一例MXPV，并迅速增加了病例数。在这方面,世界卫生组织宣布爆发，2022年7月23日国际突发公共卫生事件。第一个猴痘疫苗是20世纪60年代由美国陆军研制的,以痘苗病毒为基础,也用于天花疫苗。近年来,新的猴痘疫苗已经开发基于其他病毒，如改良的牛痘安卡拉（MVA）。这些新型疫苗更安全，可以提供更持久的免疫力，副作用更少。为了未来,目前正在进行研究，以改进目前的疫苗和开发新的疫苗。一个值得注意的进步是开发了使用遗传修饰的痘苗病毒表达猴痘抗原的重组疫苗。该疫苗在临床前试验中显示出了有希望的结果，目前正在临床试验中进行进一步的测试。最近的另一个发展是使用DNA疫苗，将编码猴痘抗原的遗传物质直接送入细胞。这种类型的疫苗已在动物研究中显示出有效性，并且正在人类中进行临床试验。总的来说,猴痘疫苗开发的这些最新进展有望保护个体免受这种潜在严重疾病的侵害。
