Abstract：
Wastewater serves as a vital resource for sustainable fertilizer production, particularly in the recovery of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This comprehensive study explores the recovery chain, from technology to final product reuse. Biomass growth is the most cost-effective method, valorizing up to 95 % of nutrients, although facing safety concerns. Various techniques enable the recovery of 100 % P and up to 99 % N, but challenges arise during the final product crystallization due to the high solubility of ammonium salts. Among these techniques, chemical precipitation and ammonia stripping/ absorption have achieved full commercialization, with estimated recovery costs of 6.0-10.0 EUR kgP-1 and 4.4-4.8 £ kgN-1, respectively. Multiple technologies integrating biomass thermo-chemical processing and P and/or N have also reached technology readiness level TRL = 9. However, due to maturing regulatory of waste-derived products, not all of their products are commercially available. The non-homogenous nature of wastewater introduces impurities into nutrient recovery products. While calcium and iron impurities may impact product bioavailability, some full-scale P recovery technologies deliver products containing this admixture. Recovered mineral nutrient forms have shown up to 60 % higher yield biomass growth compared to synthetic fertilizers. Life cycle assessment studies confirm the positive environmental outcomes of nutrient recycling from wastewater to agricultural applications. Integration of novel technologies may increase wastewater treatment costs by a few percent, but this can be offset through renewable energy utilization and the sale of recovered products. Moreover, simultaneous nutrient recovery and energy production via bio-electrochemical processes contributes to carbon neutrality achieving. Interdisciplinary cooperation is essential to offset both energy and chemicals inputs, increase their cos-efficiency and optimize technologies and understand the nutrient release patterns of wastewater-derived products on various crops. Addressing non-technological factors, such as legal and financial support, infrastructure redesign, and market-readiness, is crucial for successfully implementation and securing the global food production.
摘要：
废水是可持续化肥生产的重要资源，特别是在氮（N）和磷（P）的回收中。这项全面的研究探讨了回收链，从技术到最终产品的再利用。生物质生长是最具成本效益的方法，节省高达95%的营养素，虽然面临安全问题。各种技术能够回收100%的P和高达99%的N，但由于铵盐的高溶解度,在最终产物结晶过程中出现了挑战。在这些技术中,化学沉淀和氨汽提/吸收已实现完全商业化，估计回收成本分别为6.0-10.0欧元kgP-1和4.4-4.8英镑kgN-1。整合生物质热化学处理和P和/或N的多种技术也达到了技术准备水平TRL=9。然而,由于对废物衍生产品的监管日趋成熟，并不是所有的产品都是市售的。废水的非均质性质将杂质引入到营养物回收产物中。虽然钙和铁杂质可能会影响产品的生物利用度，一些全面的P回收技术提供含有这种混合物的产品。与合成肥料相比，回收的矿物质养分形式已显示出高达60％的产量生物量增长。生命周期评估研究证实了从废水到农业应用的养分回收的积极环境结果。新技术的整合可能会使废水处理成本增加几个百分点，但这可以通过可再生能源利用和回收产品的销售来抵消。此外，通过生物电化学过程同时进行营养回收和能量生产有助于实现碳中和。跨学科合作对于抵消能源和化学品投入至关重要，提高其cos效率并优化技术，并了解各种作物上废水衍生产品的养分释放模式。解决非技术因素，如法律和财政支持，基础设施重新设计，和市场准备，对于成功实施和确保全球粮食生产至关重要。
