PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Humans need social closeness to prosper. There is evidence that empathy can induce social closeness. However, it remains unclear how empathy-related social closeness is formed and how stable it is as time passes. We applied an acquisition-extinction paradigm combined with computational modeling and fMRI, to investigate the formation and stability of empathy-related social closeness. Female participants observed painful stimulation of another person with high probability (acquisition) and low probability (extinction) and rated their closeness to that person. The results of two independent studies showed increased social closeness in the acquisition block that resisted extinction in the extinction block. Providing insights into underlying mechanisms, reinforcement learning modeling revealed that the formation of social closeness is based on a learning signal (prediction error) generated from observing another\'s pain, whereas maintaining social closeness is based on a learning signal generated from observing another\'s pain relief. The results of a reciprocity control study indicate that this feedback recalibration is specific to learning of empathy-related social closeness. On the neural level, the recalibration of the feedback signal was associated with neural responses in anterior insula and adjacent inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral superior temporal sulcus/temporoparietal junction. Together, these findings show that empathy-related social closeness generated in bad times, that is, empathy with the misfortune of another person, transfers to good times and thus may form one important basis for stable social relationships.
摘要：
人类需要社交亲密关系才能繁荣。有证据表明，同理心可以诱导社会亲密。然而,目前尚不清楚移情相关的社会亲密关系是如何形成的，以及随着时间的推移它是如何稳定的。我们应用了一种结合计算建模和功能磁共振成像的采集灭绝范式，探讨同理心相关社会亲密感的形成和稳定性。女性参与者观察到另一个人有高概率（获取）和低概率（灭绝）的痛苦刺激，并评价他们与那个人的亲密关系。两项独立研究的结果表明，在灭绝区抵抗灭绝的采集区增加了社会亲密关系。提供对潜在机制的见解，强化学习模型表明，社会亲密感的形成是基于观察他人痛苦产生的学习信号（预测误差），而保持社交亲密是基于观察另一个人的疼痛缓解产生的学习信号。互惠对照研究的结果表明，这种反馈重新校准特定于与同理心相关的社交亲密关系的学习。在神经层面，反馈信号的重新校准与前岛和相邻额下回以及双侧颞上沟/颞顶叶交界处的神经反应有关。一起,这些发现表明，与移情相关的社交亲密关系在糟糕的时期产生，即，同情另一个人的不幸，转移到好时光，从而可能成为稳定社会关系的一个重要基础。重要性陈述如果人类同情他人，他们会感到与他人亲近。在这里，我们测试如果不再引起同理心，这种社交亲密感是否仍然存在。结合数学学习模型和功能磁共振成像，我们发现，与他人的同理心\'痛苦建立了稳定的社会亲密关系，即使对方再次感觉良好，这种亲密关系也会得到维持。解释机制，我们表明，移情引起的社会亲密感的稳定性是基于前脑岛/额下回和颞顶叶交界处的移情相关学习信号的重新校准。这些发现揭示了移情如何保持社会亲密关系，从而有助于形成稳定的社会关系。
