Abstract：
Vector-borne diseases are a major source of morbidity in Panama. Herein, we describe historical usage patterns of synthetic insecticides to control arthropod disease vectors in this country. We examine the influence of interventions by vector control programs on the emergence of insecticide resistance. Chemical control has traditionally focused on two mosquito species: Anopheles albimanus, a major regional malaria vector, and Aedes aegypti, a historical vector of yellow fever, and current vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Countrywide populations of An. albimanus depict hyperirritability to organochlorine insecticides administered by indoor residual spraying, although they appear susceptible to these insecticides in bioassays settings, as well as to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in field tests. Populations of Ae. aegypti show resistance to pyrethroids, particularly in areas near Panama City, but the spread of resistance remains unknown in Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus. A One Health approach is needed in Panama to pinpoint the insecticide resistance mechanisms including the frequency of knockdown mutations and behavioral plasticity in populations of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. This information is necessary to guide the sustainable implementation of chemical control strategies and the use of modern vector control technologies such as genetically modified mosquitoes, and endosymbiont Wolbachia-based biological control.
摘要：
媒介传播疾病是巴拿马发病率的主要来源。在这里，我们描述了在这个国家控制节肢动物病媒的合成杀虫剂的历史使用模式。我们研究了媒介控制计划的干预措施对杀虫剂抗性出现的影响。传统上，化学控制主要集中在两种蚊子上：按蚊，一个主要的区域性疟疾媒介，埃及伊蚊,黄热病的历史媒介，和登革热的当前向量，基孔肯雅,还有Zika.全国人口。albimanus描述了通过室内残留喷洒对有机氯杀虫剂的过度刺激，尽管它们在生物测定环境中似乎对这些杀虫剂敏感，以及对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的现场试验。Ae的人口。埃及伊蚊显示对拟除虫菊酯的抗性，特别是在巴拿马城附近的地区，但是抵抗的传播在Ae仍然未知。埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊。巴拿马需要采用“一个健康”方法来确定杀虫剂抗性机制，包括按蚊和伊蚊种群中击倒突变的频率和行为可塑性。这些信息对于指导可持续实施化学控制策略和使用转基因蚊子等现代媒介控制技术是必要的，和基于内共生体的Wolbachia生物防治。
