Abstract：
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely prevalent in agricultural soil and pose potential risks to crop growth and food safety. However, the current understanding of factors influencing the behavior and fate of PAEs is limited. This study conducted a large-scale investigation (106 sites in 18 counties with 44 crop types) of 16 types of PAEs on a tropical island. Special attention was given to the impacts of land use type, soil environmental conditions, agricultural activity intensity, and urbanization level. The health risks to adults and children from soil PAEs via multiple routes of exposure were also evaluated. The results showed that the mean concentration of PAEs was 451.87 ± 284.08 μg kg-1 in the agricultural soil. Elevated agricultural and urbanization activities contributed to more pronounced contamination by PAEs in the northern and southern regions. Land use type strongly affected the concentration and composition of PAEs in agricultural soils, and the soil PAE concentration decreased in the order of vegetable fields, orchards, paddy fields, and woodlands. In paddy fields, di-isobutyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate made more substantial contributions to the process through which the overlying water inhibited volatilization. Soil microplastic abundance, pesticide usage, crop yield, gross domestic product, and distance to the nearest city were calculated to be the major factors influencing the concentration and distribution of PAEs. Soil pH, organic matter content, microplastic abundance and the fertilizer application rate can affect the adsorption of PAEs by changing the soil environment. A greater risk was detected in the northern region and paddy fields due to the higher soil PAE concentrations and the dietary structure of the population. This study reveals important pathways influencing the sources and fate of PAE pollution in agricultural soils, providing fundamental data for controlling PAE contamination.
摘要：
邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)在农业土壤中普遍存在,对作物生长和食品安全构成潜在风险。然而,目前对影响PAEs行为和命运的因素的理解是有限的。这项研究对热带岛屿上的16种PAEs进行了大规模调查（18个县的106个地点，有44种作物类型）。特别注意土地利用类型的影响，土壤环境条件,农业活动强度，城市化水平。还评估了土壤PAEs通过多种暴露途径对成人和儿童的健康风险。结果表明，农业土壤中PAEs的平均浓度为451.87±284.08μgkg-1。农业和城市化活动的增加导致北部和南部地区PAEs的污染更加明显。土地利用类型强烈影响农业土壤中PAEs的浓度和组成，土壤PAE浓度按菜地顺序下降，果园,稻田,和林地。在稻田里,邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯对上覆水抑制挥发的过程做出了更大的贡献。土壤微塑性丰度，杀虫剂的使用，作物产量，国内生产总值,和到最近城市的距离是影响PAEs浓度和分布的主要因素。土壤pH值,有机质含量,微塑料丰度和肥料施用量可以通过改变土壤环境来影响PAEs的吸附。由于较高的土壤PAE浓度和人口的饮食结构，在北部地区和稻田中发现了更大的风险。这项研究揭示了影响农业土壤中PAE污染的来源和命运的重要途径，为控制PAE污染提供基础数据。
