Abstract：
Due to its low cost, its ease of use and to the \"mild action\" declared for long time by the Control and Approval Agencies towards it, the herbicide Glyphosate, is one of the currently best-selling and most-used agricultural products worldwide. In this work, we evaluated the presence and spread of Glyphosate in the Po River Basin (Northern Italy), one of the regions with the most intensified agriculture in Europe and where, by now for decades, a strong and general loss of aquatic biodiversity is observed. In order to carry out a more precise study of the real presence of this herbicide in the waters, samples were collected from the minor water network for two consecutive years, starting in 2022, at an interval time coinciding with those of the spring and summer crop treatments. In contrast to the sampling strategies generally adopted by Environmental Protection Agencies, a more focused sampling strategy was adopted to highlight the possible high concentrations in minor watercourses in direct contact with cultivated fields. Finally, we investigated the possible consequences that the higher amounts of Glyphosate found in our monitoring activities can have on stress reactions in plant (Groenlandia densa) and animal (Daphnia magna) In all the monitoring campaigns we detected exceeding European Environmental Quality Standard - EQS limits (0.1 μg/L) values. Furthermore, in some intensively agricultural areas, concentrations reached hundreds of μg/L, with the highest peaks during spring. In G. densa and D. magna, the exposition to increasing doses of herbicide showed a clear response linked to metabolic stress. Overall, our results highlight how, after several decades of its use, the Glyphosate use efficiency is still too low, leading to economic losses for the farm and to strong impacts on ecosystem health. Current EU policy indications call for an agroecological approach necessary to find alternatives to chemical weed control, which farms can develop in different contexts in order to achieve the sustainability goals set by the Farm to Fork strategy.
摘要：
由于成本低,它的易用性和控制和批准机构对它长期宣布的“温和行动”，除草剂草甘膦，是目前全球最畅销和最常用的农产品之一。在这项工作中,我们评估了草甘膦在波河流域（意大利北部）的存在和传播，欧洲农业最密集的地区之一，几十年来，观察到水生生物多样性的强烈和普遍丧失。为了对这种除草剂在水中的真实存在进行更精确的研究，连续两年从小型水网收集样本，从2022年开始，间隔时间与春季和夏季作物处理的时间一致。与环境保护机构普遍采用的抽样策略相反，采取了更加集中的采样策略，以强调与耕地直接接触的次要水道中可能存在的高浓度。最后,我们调查了在我们的监测活动中发现的较高量的草甘膦可能对植物（格伦兰迪亚）和动物（大型水蚤）的应激反应产生的可能后果。在我们检测到的所有监测活动中，超过了欧洲环境质量标准-EQS限值（0.1μg/L）。此外，在一些农业密集地区，浓度达到数百μg/L，最高的山峰在春天。在G.densa和D.magna，对增加除草剂剂量的阐述显示出与代谢应激有关的明确反应。总的来说,我们的结果强调了如何，经过几十年的使用，草甘膦的使用效率仍然太低，导致农场的经济损失，并对生态系统健康产生重大影响。当前的欧盟政策迹象要求采取必要的农业生态方法来寻找化学杂草控制的替代品，哪些农场可以在不同的环境中发展，以实现农场到叉子设定的可持续发展目标。
