背景:这是伊朗首次发布的农业农药使用评估,旨在确定可能对人类健康造成急性或慢性危害的农药产品。它还为未来的比较和趋势评估建立了基线。
方法:从2012-2014年伊朗植物保护组织的注册数据中提取了当地制造商用于配方的进口技术材料以及进口最终产品配方的数量。使用的危害指标为急性口服毒性和慢性毒性。对于后者,致癌性,致突变性,以及对生殖或发育的不利影响(CMR毒性),使用低可接受每日摄入量(ADI)。关注的活性成分在慢性毒性方面的比较潜力是使用其估计使用量的平均年体积除以其各自的ADI来评估的。在本文中称为慢性潜在危险(CHP)。不同用途类别的个别除害剂对使用者类别总卫生防护品的贡献,也被计算,使用2012-2014年期间使用的所有农药的活性成分的平均年体积。
结果:平均约14,000吨农业农药,以活性成分(AI)表示,每年在伊朗使用。除草剂的体积最大(43%),其次是杀虫剂和杀螨剂(37%)和杀菌剂(19%)。0.1%和47%的配方产品分别符合WHOIb类(高度危险)和II类(中度危险)产品的标准。磷化铝和磷化镁被确定为主要关注的产品和毒死蜱,二嗪农和百草枯作为次要产品,就其对人类健康的急性危害而言。未发现致癌性类别1A或1B或生殖细胞诱变/生殖毒性类别1A的化合物。六种化合物(二嗪农,毒死蜱,敌敌畏,metam钠,基于低ADI,百草枯和乐果)被确定为具有慢性危害潜力的产品。
结论:评估确定了伊朗使用的农业农药对人类健康的急性和慢性危害,并将其优先考虑,以用于PPO最近建立的重新注册计划和减轻风险。它还优先考虑开发替代产品和实践,以最大限度地降低农药风险。潜在的慢性危害-根据毒性调整的使用量可以作为趋势分析的有用参考点,也可以用于使用危害较小的农业农药产品。
BACKGROUND: This is the first published assessment on agricultural pesticide use in Iran with the aim to identify pesticide products with a potential of causing acute or chronic hazard to human health. It also establishes a baseline for future comparisons and for trend assessments.
METHODS: The amounts of imported technical materials for formulation by local manufacturers as well as imported final product formulations were extracted from the registration data of the Plant Protection Organization of Iran in 2012-2014. The hazard indicators used were acute oral toxicity and chronic toxicity. For the latter, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and adverse effects on reproduction or development (CMR toxicity), and low Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) were used. The comparative potential of the active ingredients of concern in terms of chronic toxicity was assessed using the average annual volume of their estimated use divided by their respective ADI, called chronic hazard potential (CHP) in the present text. The contribution of individual pesticides in different use categories to the total CHP of the user category, was also calculated, using the average annual volume of the active ingredients of all pesticides used during the period 2012-2014.
RESULTS: On average about 14,000 tonnes of agriculture pesticides, expressed in active ingredients (AI), were annually used in Iran. Herbicides constituted the largest volume (43%), followed by insecticides and acaricides (37%) and fungicides (19%). 0.1% and 47% of the formulated products met the criteria of WHO Class Ib (highly hazardous) and Class II (moderately hazardous) products respectively. Aluminium phosphide and magnesium phosphide were identified as products of primary concern and chlorpyrifos, diazinon and paraquat as products of secondary concern, in terms of their acute human health hazard. No compound in carcinogenicity category 1A or 1B or germ cell mutagenicity/reproduction toxicity category 1A was identified. Six compounds (diazinon, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, metam sodium, paraquat and dimethoate) were identified as products with chronic hazard potential based on a low ADI.
CONCLUSIONS: The assessment identified and prioritized agriculture pesticide used in Iran in terms of their acute and chronic hazard to human health for re-registration scheme recently established by PPO and for risk mitigation. It also set priority for research into development of alternative products and practices to minimize pesticide risks. Chronic hazard potential - amount of use adjusted with toxicity may serve as a useful point of reference for trend analysis also in the use of less hazardous agricultural pesticide products.