Abstract：
Athlete\'s heart is generally regarded as a physiological adaptation to regular training, with specific morphological and functional alterations in the cardiovascular system. Development of the noninvasive imaging techniques over the past several years enabled better assessment of cardiac remodeling in athletes, which may eventually mimic certain pathological conditions with the potential for sudden cardiac death, or disease progression. The current literature provides a compelling overview of the available methods that target the interrelation of prolonged exercise with cardiac structure and function. However, this data stems from scientific studies that included mostly male athletes. Despite the growing participation of females in competitive sport meetings, little is known about the long-term cardiac effects of repetitive training in this population. There are several factors-biochemical, physiological and psychological, that determine sex-dependent cardiac response. Herein, the aim of this review was to compare cardiac adaptation to endurance exercise in male and female athletes with the use of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical examination, to determine the sex-specific phenotypes, and to improve the healthcare providers\' awareness of cardiac remodeling in athletes. Finally, we discuss the possible exercise-induced alternations that should arouse suspicion of pathology and be further evaluated.
摘要：
运动员的心脏通常被认为是对常规训练的生理适应，在心血管系统中具有特定的形态和功能改变。在过去几年中，非侵入性成像技术的发展使运动员的心脏重塑得到了更好的评估，最终可能会模拟某些具有心脏性猝死潜力的病理状况，或疾病进展。当前的文献提供了针对长期运动与心脏结构和功能的相互关系的可用方法的令人信服的概述。然而,这些数据来自科学研究，主要包括男性运动员。尽管女性越来越多地参加竞技体育会议，关于重复训练对该人群的长期心脏影响知之甚少.有几个因素-生化，生理和心理，决定性依赖性心脏反应。在这里，这项审查的目的是比较心脏适应耐力运动的男性和女性运动员使用心电图，超声心动图和生化检查，为了确定性别特异性表型，并提高医疗保健提供者对运动员心脏重塑的认识。最后,我们讨论了可能的运动引起的交替，应引起对病理的怀疑并进行进一步评估。
