Abstract：
Setbacks are common occurrences in sport. Recently, setbacks such as injuries and deselection have been accompanied, and confounded, by setbacks related to COVID-19. How students manage a setback may depend on the interaction of two control beliefs: primary control (PC) to directly influence the setback and secondary control (SC) to adjust to it. Purpose: This study investigates the relationships between athletes\' PC and SC and two important sport setback-related outcomes-anxiety and rumination. Method: We employed a cross-sectional design examining collegiate athletes in the USA and Canada (N = 200; Mage = 20.9 years, 143 women, 52 men, 3 non-binary, 2 did not disclose). Using regression tests controlling for setback severity, we examined the interaction effects of athletes\' PC and SC beliefs relative to setbacks, on the anxiety and rumination variables. Results: We found SC beliefs were beneficial to setback-related anxiety and rumination. A significant interaction indicated that particularly when PC was low, SC had negative associations with setback-related anxieties about letting others down (β = -.45, p < .001) and experiencing pain (β = -.37, p < .001). Conclusion: The findings suggest SC beliefs are important for managing setbacks-specifically for attenuating harmful rumination, and specific setback anxieties. We discuss the possibility of enhancing SC beliefs for combatting sport setbacks through control-enhancing interventions as a direction for future research.
摘要：
挫折在体育运动中很常见。最近,伴随着受伤和取消选择等挫折，困惑，与COVID-19有关的挫折。学生如何管理挫折可能取决于两个控制信念的相互作用：主要控制（PC）直接影响挫折和次要控制（SC）适应挫折。目的：这项研究调查了运动员的PC和SC与两个重要的运动挫折相关结果之间的关系-焦虑和反思。方法：我们采用横断面设计，检查美国和加拿大的大学运动员（N=200；Mage=20.9岁，143名妇女，52人,3非二进制，2没有透露）。使用回归测试控制挫折严重程度，我们研究了运动员的PC和SC信念相对于挫折的相互作用效应，关于焦虑和沉思变量。结果：我们发现SC信念有利于挫折相关的焦虑和沉思。一个显著的相互作用表明，特别是当PC较低时，SC与挫折相关的焦虑负相关，即让他人失望（β=-.45，p<.001）和经历疼痛（β=-.37，p<.001）。结论：研究结果表明，SC信念对于管理挫折很重要-特别是对于衰减有害的反思性，和特定的挫折焦虑。我们讨论了通过增强控制的干预措施来增强SC信念以对抗运动挫折的可能性，作为未来研究的方向。
