Abstract：
Cadmium (Cd) accumulates in the vegetative tissues of rice and wheat crops, posing a serious threat in the food chain. A long-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar (RHB), farm manure (FM), press mud (PrM), and poultry manure (PM) on the growth, yield, and economics of wheat and rice crops grown with sewage water. The results showed that RHB increased wheat plant height (27%, 66%, 70%), spike-length (33%, 99%, 56%), straw yield (21%, 51%, 49%), and grain yield (42%, 63%, 65%) in year-1, year-2, and year-3, than respective controls. For rice crop, RHB showed the maximum increase in plant height (64%, 92%, 96%), spike length (55%, 95%, 90%), straw yield (34%, 53%, 55%), and grain yield (46%, 66%, 69%) each year (2019-2021), compared to their respective controls. The Cd immobilization was increased by the application of RHB while other treatments followed FM > PrM > PM > control in each year of wheat and rice crops. For year-1, benefit-cost ratio remained maximum with the application of FM while for the 2nd and 3rd years in sequence, RHB proved more economical than other treatments and consistently produced wheat and rice with lower Cd concentration than FM, PrM, and PM in grains. This long-term experiment suggested that the application of organic amendments consistently increased biomass of rice and wheat and decreased the Cd concentration in tissues. The RHB remained more effective compared with FM, PrM, and PM in terms of yield, low Cd accumulation and economics of rice and wheat crops.
摘要：
镉（Cd）积累在水稻和小麦作物的营养组织中，对食物链构成严重威胁。进行了长期田间试验，以研究稻壳生物炭（RHB）的影响，农场粪便（FM），压榨泥浆(PrM),和家禽粪便(PM)的生长，产量，以及用污水种植的小麦和水稻作物的经济学。结果表明，RHB增加了小麦株高（27，66，70％），穗长（33，99，56%），秸秆产量(21、51、49%)，第1年、第2年和第3年的粮食产量(42、63、65%)高于各自的对照。对于水稻作物，RHB显示出最大的株高增加（64，92，96％），穗长(55,95,90%),秸秆产量(34、53、55%)，每年（2019-2021年）和粮食产量（46、66、69%），与他们各自的控制相比。在小麦和水稻作物的每一年中，通过施用RHB增加了Cd的固定化，而其他处理则遵循FM>PrM>PM>对照。在第1年，效益成本比在应用FM时保持最大，而在第2年和第3年，事实证明，RHB比其他处理方法更经济，并且始终生产出Cd浓度低于FM的小麦和水稻，PrM,和谷物中的PM。这项长期实验表明，有机改良剂的施用始终增加了水稻和小麦的生物量，并降低了组织中的Cd浓度。与FM相比，RHB仍然更有效，PrM,和PM在产量方面，水稻和小麦作物的低Cd积累与经济。
