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Abstract：
This study was carried out to assess the levels of physico-chemical parameters that could be impacted by burial leakage and associated human health risks in Benin City, Nigeria. A total of thirty groundwater samples were collected from two cemeteries and analysed for pH, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia- N, calcium, sodium, potassium, BOD₅, COD, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe. The concentrations of the parameters were compared to national and international standards. The results revealed that the groundwater is highly acidic in nature. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that except for alkalinity, all other parameters characterised contributed significantly to various principal components (PC) with eigenvalues ≥ 1. Moreover, the significance of the PC depicted decomposition of the body corpse and associated burial materials. Water quality index (WQI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and Nemerov pollution index (NI) indicated that groundwater from the study area is of poor quality, and highly contaminated by heavy metals. We determined the Chronic health risk through exposure by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), for both children and adults. For the oral exposure, approximately 33% of samples suggest the high category of chronic risk for children while the medium category was indicated for adults. We found that oral exposure showed relatively higher risk than dermal exposure, and chronic risk for children and adults ranged from low to negligible. However, the carcinogenic risk of Ni and Pb via oral exposure route suggests, very high risk for Ni and medium risk for Pb. In consideration that long term exposure to low concentrations of some heavy metals (including Pb, Cd, and Ni) could result in different manifestations of cancer, we recommend that residents of these areas should find an alternative source of water for drinking and other domestic uses.
摘要：
进行这项研究是为了评估贝宁市可能受到墓葬渗漏和相关人类健康风险影响的物理化学参数水平，尼日利亚。从两个公墓共收集了三十个地下水样本，并分析其酸碱度，碱度,氯化物,硫酸盐,硝酸盐,磷酸盐,氨-N，钙，钠,钾，BOD,COD,CODMn,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn和Fe。将参数的浓度与国家和国际标准进行比较。结果表明，地下水本质上是高度酸性的。主成分分析(PCA)显示，除碱度外，所有其他表征参数对特征值≥1的各种主成分(PC)有显著贡献。此外，PC的重要性描绘了尸体和相关埋葬材料的分解。水质指数（WQI），重金属评价指数(HEI)和内梅罗夫污染指数(NI)表明研究区地下水质量差,并受到重金属的高度污染。我们通过计算风险商（HQ）和风险指数（HI）来确定暴露的慢性健康风险，对于儿童和成人。对于口腔暴露，大约33%的样本显示儿童的慢性风险高,而成人的慢性风险中等.我们发现口服暴露比皮肤暴露风险更高，儿童和成人的慢性风险从低到可忽略不计不等。然而,Ni和Pb通过口服暴露途径的致癌风险表明，镍的风险很高，铅的风险很高。考虑到长期暴露于低浓度的某些重金属(包括铅，Cd,和Ni）可能导致癌症的不同表现，我们建议这些地区的居民应该找到另一种饮用水和其他家庭用水的来源。
