Abstract：
Spider venoms have evolved over thousands of years, optimizing feeding and defense mechanisms. Venom components show pharmacological and biotechnological potential, rising interest in their study. However, the isolation of spider toxins for experimental evaluation poses significant challenges. To address this, transcriptomic analysis combined with computational tools has emerged as an appealing approach to characterizing spider venoms. However, many sequences remain unidentified after automatic annotation. In this study, we manually curated a subset of previously unannotated sequences from the Phoneutria nigriventer transcriptome and identified new putative venom components. Our manual analysis revealed 29 % of the analyzed sequences were potential venom components, 29 % hypothetical/uncharacterized proteins, and 17 % cellular function proteins. Only 25 % of the originally unannotated dataset remained without any identification. Most reclassified components were cysteine-rich peptides, including 23 novel putative toxins. We also found glycine-rich peptides (GRP), corroborating the previous description of GRPs in Phoneutria pertyi venom glands. Furthermore, to emphasize the recurrence of the lack of annotation in spider venom glands transcripts, we provide a survey of the percentage of unidentified sequences in several published spider venom transcriptomics studies. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of manual curation in uncovering novel venom components and underscores the need for improved annotation strategies to fully exploit the medical and biotechnological potential of spider venoms.
摘要：
蜘蛛毒液已经进化了数千年，优化喂养和防御机制。毒液成分显示出药理和生物技术潜力，对他们学习的兴趣越来越高。然而,分离蜘蛛毒素进行实验评估提出了重大挑战。为了解决这个问题，结合计算工具的转录组学分析已成为表征蜘蛛毒液的一种吸引人的方法。然而,许多序列在自动注释后仍未识别。在这项研究中,我们从Phoneutrianigriventer转录组中手动筛选了一个以前未注释的序列子集，并鉴定了新的推定毒液成分。我们的人工分析显示，29%的分析序列是潜在的毒液成分，29%的假设/未表征的蛋白质，和17%的细胞功能蛋白。只有25%的最初未注释的数据集没有任何标识。大多数重新分类的成分是富含半胱氨酸的肽，包括23种新型推定毒素。我们还发现了富含甘氨酸的肽（GRP），证实了以前对Phoneutriapertyi毒腺中GRP的描述。此外，为了强调蜘蛛毒腺转录本缺乏注释的复发，我们提供了一些已发表的蜘蛛毒转录组学研究中未识别序列百分比的调查。总之,我们的研究强调了人工管理在发现新毒液成分方面的重要性,并强调需要改进注释策略,以充分利用蜘蛛毒液的医学和生物技术潜力.
