Abstract：
The phenological response to climate change differs among species. We examined the beginning of flowering of the common snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) in connection with meteorological variables in Czechia in the period 1923-2021. The long-term series were analyzed from phenological and meteorological stations of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI). Temporal and spatial evaluation (using Geographic Information System) in timing of beginning of flowering (BBCH 61) of G. nivalis was investigated under urban and rural settings. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of selected meteorological variables to onset of G. nivalis flowering was performed. Moreover, the trends (using Mann-Kendall test) and Pearson\'s correlation coefficients between phenological phase and meteorological variable were calculated. The main finding of this study was that the trend of the beginning of flowering of the common snowdrop during the studied period (1923-2021) is negative, and it varies in urban and rural environments. The results showed most significant acceleration of the beginning of flowering of G. nivalis by - 0.20 day year-1 in urban area and by - 0.11 day year-1 in rural area. Above that, a major turning point occurred between 1987 and 1988 (both, in phenological observations and meteorological variables), and the variability of the beginning of flowering is significantly higher in the second period 1988-2021. On top of, the study proved that the beginning of flowering of G. nivalis closely correlated with number of days with snow cover above 1 cm (December-March) at both types of stations (urban and rural), and with mean air temperature in February, maximum air temperature in January, and minimum air temperature in March. The Mann-Kendall test showed a reduction in the number of days with snow cover above 1 cm (December-March) during 99 years period at Klatovy station (a long-term time series) by - 0.06 day year-1, i.e., by - 5.94 days per the whole period. Conversely, air temperatures increase (maximum and minimum air temperature by 0.03 °C year-1 (2.97 °C per the whole period) and average air temperature by 0.02 °C year-1 (1.98 °C per the whole period)). Thus, our results indicate significant changes in the beginning of flowering of G. nivalis in Czechia as a consequence of climate change.
摘要：
物种对气候变化的物候响应不同。我们在1923年至2021年期间，结合捷克的气象变量，检查了普通雪花莲（Galanthusnivalis）的开花开始。从捷克水文气象研究所（CHMI）的物候和气象站对长期系列进行了分析。在城市和农村环境下，对G.nivalis开花开始时间（BBCH61）的时间和空间评估（使用地理信息系统）进行了调查。此外，对所选择的气象变量进行了详细分析。此外，计算了物候期和气象变量之间的趋势（使用Mann-Kendall检验）和Pearson相关系数。这项研究的主要发现是，在研究期间（1923-2021年），普通雪花莲开始开花的趋势为负，它在城市和农村环境中有所不同。结果表明，在城市地区，nivalis的开花开始时间为-0.20天，在农村地区为-0.11天。在这上面，一个主要的转折点发生在1987年至1988年(两者，在物候观测和气象变量中)，在1988-2021年的第二阶段，开花开始的变异性明显更高。在之上，该研究证明，两种类型的站点（城市和农村）的雪覆盖超过1厘米（12月至3月）的日数与Nivalis开花的开始密切相关，二月份的平均气温，一月最高气温,和3月份的最低气温。Mann-Kendall测试表明，在Klatovy站（长期时间序列）的99年期间，积雪超过1厘米（12月至3月）的天数减少了-0.06天，即，整个期间-5.94天。相反，空气温度升高（最高和最低气温为0.03°C年1（整个周期为2.97°C），平均气温为0.02°C年1（整个周期为1.98°C））。因此，我们的结果表明，由于气候变化，捷克的G.nivalis开花开始发生了显着变化。
