Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata, and the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), are economically important fruit fly species in various regions of the world. We evaluated the effects of separate and combined applications of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (WG-18) and Metarhizium anisopliae (WG-02), and the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (VS strain) and Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) against larvae, pupae and pharate adults, of B. zonata and B. dorsalis under laboratory, glasshouse and field cage conditions.
RESULTS: Combined applications of EPF and EPNs produced greater mortality than individual treatments under all conditions. Against both species, the combination of B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora consistently exerted strong effects that were similar to the combined application of B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae whereas M. anisopliae applied with S. carpocapsae was least effective in all combinations. In a laboratory bioassay, synergistic interactions were detected between B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora applied against larvae and pharate adults of both fly species, between B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae against larvae of both species and pharate adults of B. zonata, and between M. anisopliae and H. bacteriophora against B. zonata larvae. Other combined treatments resulted in additive effects, especially against fly pupae. In a potted soil bioassay, there were only additive interactions in all combinations against different stages of both flies. The 3rd instar of both flies was more susceptible than pharate adult and pupal stages. Additive interactions between EPNs and EPF were detected in the glasshouse against 3rd instars and pupae, and under field conditions against 3rd instars of both fly species.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate how particular combinations of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes could be deployed in integrated pest management of tephritid fruit flies in orchard agro-ecosystems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: Combined applications of EPF and EPNs produced greater mortality than individual treatments under all conditions. Against both species, the combination of B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora consistently exerted strong effects that were similar to the combined application of B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae whereas M. anisopliae applied with S. carpocapsae was least effective in all combinations. In a laboratory bioassay, synergistic interactions were detected between B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora applied against larvae and pharate adults of both fly species, between B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae against larvae of both species and pharate adults of B. zonata, and between M. anisopliae and H. bacteriophora against B. zonata larvae. Other combined treatments resulted in additive effects, especially against fly pupae. In a potted soil bioassay, there were only additive interactions in all combinations against different stages of both flies. The 3rd instar of both flies was more susceptible than pharate adult and pupal stages. Additive interactions between EPNs and EPF were detected in the glasshouse against 3rd instars and pupae, and under field conditions against 3rd instars of both fly species.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate how particular combinations of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes could be deployed in integrated pest management of tephritid fruit flies in orchard agro-ecosystems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
摘要：
背景：桃子果蝇，细菌丝,和东方果蝇，背翅目（双翅目：Tephritidae），是世界各个地区经济上重要的果蝇物种。我们评估了昆虫病原真菌（EPF）球孢白僵菌（WG-18）和绿僵菌（WG-02）的单独和联合应用的效果，以及针对幼虫的昆虫病原线虫（EPNs）异型横纹肌（VS菌株）和Steinernemacarpocaposae（ALL菌株），蛹和成虫，实验室下的B.zonata和B.dorsalis，温室和野外笼子条件。
结果：在所有条件下，EPF和EPN的联合应用比单独治疗产生更大的死亡率。针对这两个物种，球孢细辛杆菌和H.bacteriophora的组合始终发挥强大的作用，类似于球孢细辛杆菌和S.carpocapsae的联合应用，而与S.carpocapsae的联合应用在所有组合中效果最差。在实验室生物测定中，在对两种蝇的幼虫和成虫的幼虫之间检测到了协同相互作用。在B.bassiana和S.carpocapsae之间对抗B.zonata两种物种的幼虫和成虫，以及针对双歧杆菌幼虫的斑驳菌和双歧杆菌之间。其他联合治疗导致加性效应，尤其是对抗蝇蛹.在盆栽土壤生物分析中，在所有组合中，对于两种果蝇的不同阶段，只有加性相互作用。两个苍蝇的第三龄比成年和p期更容易受到影响。在温室中检测到EPN和EPF之间的加性相互作用，并且在野外条件下针对两种苍蝇的第3龄幼虫。
结论：这些结果表明，昆虫病原真菌和线虫的特定组合如何可以用于果园农业生态系统中四虫果蝇的综合虫害管理。©2022化学工业学会。
结果：在所有条件下，EPF和EPN的联合应用比单独治疗产生更大的死亡率。针对这两个物种，球孢细辛杆菌和H.bacteriophora的组合始终发挥强大的作用，类似于球孢细辛杆菌和S.carpocapsae的联合应用，而与S.carpocapsae的联合应用在所有组合中效果最差。在实验室生物测定中，在对两种蝇的幼虫和成虫的幼虫之间检测到了协同相互作用。在B.bassiana和S.carpocapsae之间对抗B.zonata两种物种的幼虫和成虫，以及针对双歧杆菌幼虫的斑驳菌和双歧杆菌之间。其他联合治疗导致加性效应，尤其是对抗蝇蛹.在盆栽土壤生物分析中，在所有组合中，对于两种果蝇的不同阶段，只有加性相互作用。两个苍蝇的第三龄比成年和p期更容易受到影响。在温室中检测到EPN和EPF之间的加性相互作用，并且在野外条件下针对两种苍蝇的第3龄幼虫。
结论：这些结果表明，昆虫病原真菌和线虫的特定组合如何可以用于果园农业生态系统中四虫果蝇的综合虫害管理。©2022化学工业学会。
