Abstract：
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic pollutant and represents a serious threat to wildlife, affecting various systems in animal bodies. Especially prone to Pb poisoning are waterbirds, which may inadvertently ingest spent gunshot, fishing sinkers and contaminated sediments. This research thus focused on evaluating Pb concentrations in the blood of 170 Mute swans (Cygnus olor; a widespread species of waterbirds) at their summer (urban locations in Małopolskie and rural locations in Świętokrzyskie regions) and winter (the urban section of Wisła River in Krakow) sites in Poland (Europe). The study concentrated on comparing blood Pb concentrations according to sites and locations, verifying the influence of sex and age factors, examining the impact on hematocrit (Ht), glutathione (GSH) levels and body condition. Mean blood Pb concentrations (measured with ICP-OES) differed significantly between summer and winter sites (Regression by Maximum Likelihood Estimation (RML), p < 0.001) reaching higher values at winter sites. Concentrations did not differ from year to year (RML, p = 0.028). At summer sites, concentrations differed from location to location: swans from urban locations in Małopolskie had higher blood Pb concentrations (0.055 μg/g) than from rural Świętokrzyskie (0.008 μg/g; RML, p < 0.001). In summer and winter birds, neither sex nor age groups differed significantly the concentrations (RML, p > 0.231). Pb concentrations correlated weakly with Ht and GSH levels (Spearman test) and had no influence on body condition (proxied by scaled mass index; GLM, p = 0.246). We concluded that differences between summer and winter sites were dictated mainly by the type of habitat (rural vs. urban) that birds occupied in different seasons.
摘要：
铅（Pb）是一种剧毒污染物，对野生动物构成严重威胁，影响动物体内的各种系统。特别容易发生铅中毒的是水鸟，这可能会无意中吸收用过的枪声，钓鱼沉子和受污染的沉积物。因此，这项研究的重点是评估170只Mute天鹅（天鹅座；一种广泛的水鸟）在夏季（Maswopolskie的城市位置和swwiçtokrzyskie地区的农村位置）和冬季（克拉科夫的Wisswa河的城市部分）的血液中的铅浓度。波兰（欧洲）。这项研究集中在根据地点和位置比较血液中的铅浓度，验证性别和年龄因素的影响，检查对血细胞比容（Ht）的影响，谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平和身体状况。夏季和冬季之间的平均血液铅浓度（用ICP-OES测量）显着不同（通过最大似然估计（RML）进行回归，p<0.001)在冬季站点达到较高的值。浓度每年没有差异(RML，p=0.028)。在夏季，不同地点的浓度不同：来自Maswopolskie城市地点的天鹅血液中的Pb浓度（0.055μg/g）高于农村地区（0.008μg/g；RML，p<0.001)。在夏季和冬季的鸟类，性别和年龄组的浓度都没有显著差异(RML，p>0.231）。Pb浓度与Ht和GSH水平的相关性较弱（Spearman检验），对身体状况没有影响（通过缩放的质量指数表示；GLM，p=0.246）。我们得出的结论是，夏季和冬季地点之间的差异主要取决于栖息地的类型(农村与城市)鸟类在不同季节占据。
