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Abstract：
In this paper, we review the effects of large-scale neonicotinoid contaminations in the aquatic environment on non-target aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species. These aquatic species are the fauna widely exposed to environmental changes and chemical accumulation in bodies of water. Neonicotinoids are insecticides that target the nicotinic type acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous systems (CNS) and are considered selective neurotoxins for insects. However, studies on their physiologic impacts and interactions with non-target species are limited. In researches dedicated to exploring physiologic and toxic outcomes of neonicotinoids, studies relating to the effects on vertebrate species represent a minority case compared to invertebrate species. For aquatic species, the known effects of neonicotinoids are described in the level of organismal, behavioral, genetic and physiologic toxicities. Toxicological studies were reported based on the environment of bodies of water, temperature, salinity and several other factors. There exists a knowledge gap on the relationship between toxicity outcomes to regulatory risk valuation. It has been a general observation among studies that neonicotinoid insecticides demonstrate significant toxicity to an extensive variety of invertebrates. Comprehensive analysis of data points to a generalization that field-realistic and laboratory exposures could result in different or non-comparable results in some cases. Aquatic invertebrates perform important roles in balancing a healthy ecosystem, thus rapid screening strategies are necessary to verify physiologic and toxicological impacts. So far, much of the studies describing field tests on non-target species are inadequate and in many cases, obsolete. Considering the current literature, this review addresses important information gaps relating to the impacts of neonicotinoids on the environment and spring forward policies, avoiding adverse biological and ecological effects on a range of non-target aquatic species which might further impair the whole of the aquatic ecological web.
摘要：
在本文中,我们回顾了水生环境中大规模新烟碱类污染对非目标水生无脊椎动物和脊椎动物物种的影响。这些水生物种是广泛暴露于环境变化和水体中化学积累的动物。新烟碱是针对中枢神经系统（CNS）中的烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChR）的杀虫剂，被认为是昆虫的选择性神经毒素。然而,关于它们的生理影响和与非目标物种相互作用的研究有限.在致力于探索新烟碱的生理和毒性结果的研究中，与无脊椎动物物种相比，有关对脊椎动物物种影响的研究仅占少数。对于水生物种，新烟碱的已知作用在生物体水平上描述，行为，遗传和生理毒性。毒理学研究是根据水体的环境报告的，温度,盐度和其他几个因素。关于毒性结果与监管风险评估之间的关系存在知识空白。在研究中已经普遍观察到新烟碱类杀虫剂对多种无脊椎动物显示出显著的毒性。对数据的全面分析表明，在某些情况下，现场现实和实验室暴露可能会导致不同或不可比较的结果。水生无脊椎动物在平衡健康生态系统方面发挥着重要作用，因此,快速筛查策略对于验证生理和毒理学影响是必要的.到目前为止,许多描述非目标物种田间试验的研究是不充分的，在许多情况下，过时。考虑到目前的文献，这篇综述讨论了与新烟碱对环境和春季政策的影响有关的重要信息差距，避免对一系列非目标水生物种的不利生物和生态影响，这可能进一步损害整个水生生态网。
