作为烟草制品的主要功效物质,尼古丁的生理效应引起了研究者的注意,尤其是近年来,关于尼古丁(或烟草制品)的利弊的讨论日益激烈。在这次审查中,结构,总结了烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAchR)的分布和生理作用。吸收,分布,介绍了体内尼古丁的代谢和排泄。Further,低剂量和短期尼古丁暴露对线粒体功能调节的积极影响,干细胞增殖和分化,阐明了神经系统保护和镇痛作用。同时,还讨论了高剂量和长期暴露的尼古丁可以激活氧化应激效应,介导异常表观遗传修饰,增强免疫炎症反应,然后对身体产生负面影响。总而言之,这篇综述表明,尼古丁存在“双刃剑”效应,这一方面有助于人们更全面和仔细地了解尼古丁的生理效应,烟碱的合理使用和相关产品的创新开发提供了一定的理论依据。
As the main effect substances of tobacco products, the physiological effects of nicotine have attracted the attention of researchers, especially in recent years, the discussion on the benefits and harms of nicotine (or tobacco products) has become increasingly fierce. In this review, the structure, distribution and physiological effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) are summarized. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of nicotine in the body were introduced. Further, the positive effects of low-dose and short-term nicotine exposure on mitochondrial function regulation, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, nervous system protection and analgesia were elucidated. At the same time, it is also discussed that high-dose and long-term nicotine exposure can activate the oxidative stress effect, mediate abnormal epigenetic modification, and enhance the immune inflammatory response, and then produce negative effects on the body. To sum up, this review suggests that there is a \"double-edged sword\" effect of nicotine, which on the one hand helps people to understand the physiological effects of nicotine more comprehensively and carefully, and on the other hand provides some theoretical basis for the rational use of nicotine and the innovative development of related products.