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Abstract：
Media Lengua (ML), a mixed language derived from Quichua and Spanish, exhibits a phonological system that largely conforms to that of Quichua acoustically. Yet, it incorporates a large number of vowel sequences from Spanish which do not occur in the Quichua system. This includes the use of mid-vowels, which are phonetically realized in ML as largely overlapping with the high-vowels in acoustic space. We analyze and compare production of vowel sequences by speakers of ML, Quichua, and Spanish through the use of generalized additive mixed models to determine statistically significant differences between vowel formant trajectories. Our results indicate that Spanish-derived ML vowel sequences frequently differ significantly from their Spanish counterparts, largely occupying a more central region of the vowel space and frequently exhibiting markedly reduced trajectories over time. In contrast, we find only one case where an ML vowel sequence differs significantly from its Quichua counterpart-and even in this case the difference from Spanish is substantially greater. Our findings show how the vowel system of ML successfully integrates novel vowel sequence patterns from Spanish into what is essentially Quichua phonology by markedly adapting their production, while still maintaining contrasts which are not expressed in Quichua.
摘要：
媒体Lengua（ML），一种源自奎丘亚语和西班牙语的混合语言，表现出的语音系统在声学上与Quichua的语音系统基本一致。然而，它包含大量来自西班牙语的元音序列，这些元音序列在Quichua系统中不会出现。这包括使用中元音，在ML中语音实现为与声学空间中的高元音在很大程度上重叠。我们分析和比较了ML说话者产生的元音序列，Quichua,和西班牙语通过使用广义加性混合模型来确定元音共振峰轨迹之间的统计显着差异。我们的结果表明，西班牙语衍生的ML元音序列通常与西班牙语对应的元音序列显着不同，在很大程度上占据了元音空间的中心区域，并且随着时间的推移经常表现出明显减少的轨迹。相比之下,我们发现只有一种情况下，ML元音序列与Quichua对应的元音序列显着不同-即使在这种情况下，与西班牙语的差异也要大得多。我们的发现表明，ML的元音系统如何通过显着调整其生产，成功地将西班牙语的新颖元音序列模式整合到本质上是Quichua语音中，同时仍然保持在Quichua中没有表达的对比。
