PDF(Sci-hub)
Abstract：
In situ physico-chemical disinfection of high risk faecal waste is both effective and widely used as a sanitation management strategy for infection prevention and control. Systematic tests where the performance of alternative physico-chemical disinfection methods is systematically compared and optimized must be based on reliable protocols. These protocol are currently not adequately addressing the neutralization related issues: the neutralization of the tested disinfectant after specified conditions of concentration and contact time (CT) is necessary to prevent continued disinfection after the intended contact time; moreover such neutralization is often necessary in practice and on a large scale to prevent adverse health and ecological impacts from remaining disinfectant after the target CT is achieved. Few studies adequately assess the extent of neutralization of the chemical disinfectant and are intended to optimize on-site disinfection practices for waste matrices posing high microbial risks. Hence, there is a need for effective and reproducible neutralization protocols in chemical disinfection trials and practice. Furthermore, for most of chemical disinfectants used in healthcare settings there is no practical methodology to reliably and conveniently measure the residual disinfectant concentration after its neutralization and also determine the optimum concentration of the neutralizer. Because some neutralizing compounds can themselves be toxic to the test microorganisms, it is necessary to optimize neutralization procedures in disinfection experiments for the development of infection control practices using accepted positive control microbes. In the presented work, a stepwise bioassay-based protocol using representative faecal indicator microbes is described for optimizing chemical disinfection and subsequent disinfectant neutralization of any infectious faecal waste matrix. The example described is for the quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride and its recommended chemical neutralizer in a high strength human faecal waste matrix.
摘要：
高风险粪便废物的原位物理化学消毒既有效又广泛用作预防和控制感染的卫生管理策略。系统地比较和优化替代物理化学消毒方法的性能的系统测试必须基于可靠的协议。这些方案目前没有充分解决中和相关问题:在指定的浓度和接触时间(CT)条件之后中和测试的消毒剂是必要的,以防止在预期的接触时间之后继续消毒;此外,这种中和在实践中和大规模地通常是必要的,以防止在实现目标CT之后残留的消毒剂对健康和生态的不利影响。很少有研究充分评估化学消毒剂的中和程度，旨在优化对微生物风险高的废物基质的现场消毒实践。因此，在化学消毒试验和实践中需要有效和可重复的中和方案。此外，对于医疗保健环境中使用的大多数化学消毒剂，没有实用的方法来可靠和方便地测量中和后的残留消毒剂浓度，并确定中和剂的最佳浓度。因为一些中和化合物本身可能对测试微生物有毒，有必要在消毒实验中优化中和程序，以开发使用公认的阳性对照微生物的感染控制实践。在提交的作品中，描述了使用代表性粪便指示微生物的基于逐步生物测定的方案，用于优化任何感染性粪便废物基质的化学消毒和随后的消毒剂中和。所描述的实例是在高强度人类粪便废物基质中的季铵化合物苯扎氯铵及其推荐的化学中和剂。
