来自畜牧业的化合物可以通过向土壤施用肥料来污染地表水。通常,采用抓取采样来检测这些残留物,仅提供采样时的浓度信息。为了更好地理解这些化合物的发射模式,我们利用地表水中的被动采样器在荷兰农业区的八个地点收集数据,在不同的时间间隔。作为无源采样器,我们选择了基于综合的Speedisk®亲水性DVB。总的来说,我们瞄准了46种化合物,其中25种抗生素,三种荷尔蒙,九种抗寄生虫药,和九种消毒剂。从这46种化合物中,在至少一个采样位置中,被动采样器中积累的22种化合物的数量高于定量极限。在12周的部署期间,在53%的受检病例中发现了时间整合摄取模式,剩下的47%没有显示这种行为。没有此行为的事件主要与特定位置有关,特别是最上游的位置,或特定的化合物。我们的研究结果表明,建议使用无源采样器,当在这种有限的背景下与传统的抓取采样进行比较时,可以提供增强的效率并且潜在地使得能够检测更广泛的化合物阵列。事实上,在荷兰地表水中首次定量了许多源自畜牧业活动的化合物,如氟苯达唑,氟苯尼考,和tilmicosine。采样活动的设置还允许在同一位置的采样间隔内区分不同的污染水平。当考虑在各种场合使用不同的化合物时,这一方面获得了特别的意义。因此,它有可能加强正在进行的监测和缓解努力。
Compounds originating from animal husbandry can pollute surface water through the application of manure to soil. Typically, grab sampling is employed to detect these residues, which only provides information on the concentration at the time of sampling. To better understand the emission patterns of these compounds, we utilized passive samplers in surface water to collect data at eight locations in a Dutch agricultural region, during different time intervals. As a passive sampler, we chose the integrative-based Speedisk® hydrophilic DVB. In total, we targeted 46 compounds, among which 25 antibiotics, three hormones, nine antiparasitics, and nine
disinfectants. From these 46 compounds, 22 compounds accumulated in passive samplers in amounts above the limit of quantification in at least one sampling location. Over the 12-week deployment period, a time integrative uptake pattern was identified in 53% of the examined cases, with the remaining 47% not displaying this behavior. The occurrences without this behavior were primarily associated with specific location, particularly the most upstream location, or specific compounds. Our findings suggest that the proposed use of passive samplers, when compared in this limited context to traditional grab sampling, may provide enhanced efficiency and potentially enable the detection of a wider array of compounds. In fact, a number of compounds originating from animal husbandry activities were quantified for the first time in Dutch surface waters, such as flubendazole, florfenicol, and tilmicosine. The set-up of the sampling campaign also allowed to distinguish between different pollution levels during sampling intervals on the same location. This aspect gains particular significance when considering the utilization of different compounds on various occasions, hence, it has the potential to strengthen ongoing monitoring and mitigation efforts.